Climate change will pose a major threat to food supply worldwide. Agroforestry has been proposed as an effective approach to minimize its effects on crops. However, to design sustainable and productive agroforestry systems, net responses of crops to trees need to be clarified, particularly in regions where competitive interactions will outweigh facilitative ones. The study of plant traits has become a useful approach to select best-adapted plants, yet the sensitivity of yield components to agroforestry and their relationship with plant traits needs investigation. In this experiment, we assess the phenological, morphological and physiological responses of shade-adapted cultivars of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), growing in an agroforestry system (AF) with walnut trees (Juglans x intermedia Mj209xRa), as compared to cereal monocrops (MC). Agroforestry reduced the light intercepted by crops by 58 %, buffered extreme temperatures at the crop canopy level and increased air relative humidity, advancing plant development for wheat and barley. Major tree effects on crops were observed after walnut budburst. Under trees, crops increased the relative water content (RWC), Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI) and P content of both wheat and barley leaves, increased Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) of barley leaves, and reduced leaf mass area (LMA) in wheat and cell membrane damage in both species. In agroforestry, crops also reduced plant growth, leaf area (LA), leaf area index (LAI) and grain yield in both wheat and barley. Drivers of grain yield differed among agroforestry and open conditions in both species, showing for the first time that the selection of cereal cultivars for specific conditions could be based on plant traits, along with the shade tolerance, to establish successful agroforestry systems.

气候变化将对全球粮食供应构成重大威胁。农林业已被提议作为一种有效的方法来减少其对作物的影响。然而，为了设计可持续和高产的农林业系统，需要明确作物对树木的净反应，特别是在竞争互动超过促进互动的地区。植物性状研究已成为选择适应性最佳植物的有用方法，但产量成分对农林业的敏感性及其与植物性状的关系需要研究。在本实验中，我们评估了冬小麦 ( Triticum aestivum L.) 和大麦 ( Hordeum vulgare ) 的遮荫栽培品种的物候、形态和生理反应。L.)，生长在带有核桃树的农林业系统 (AF) 中 ( Juglans x intermedia Mj209xRa)，与谷物单一作物 (MC) 相比。农林业将作物截获的光减少了 58%，缓冲了作物冠层的极端温度，增加了空气相对湿度，促进了小麦和大麦的植物发育。核桃发芽后观察到树木对作物的主要影响。在树下，作物增加了小麦和大麦叶片的相对水分含量（RWC）、光化学反射指数（PRI）和磷含量，增加了大麦叶片的归一化差异植被指数（NDVI），减少了叶面积（LMA）。这两个物种的小麦和细胞膜损伤。在农林业中，作物还降低了小麦和大麦的植物生长、叶面积 (LA)、叶面积指数 (LAI) 和谷物产量。两种物种的农林业和开放条件下谷物产量的驱动因素不同，