The authors examined similarities and differences in Canadian and ni-Vanuatu caregivers' child-directed speech to their toddlers (N = 35, M_age: 21 months, 20 girls). Speech samples were collected (2013–2016) during free play and analyzed with a focus on describing parents' references to their toddlers. Canadian caregivers referred significantly more to toddlers' tangible characteristics (relative risk, RR = 2.12) and internal states (RR = 2.31), whereas ni-Vanuatu caregivers referred more to actions (RR = 2.04). When referring to internal states, Canadian mothers referred significantly more to mind-minded states, whereas ni-Vanuatu caregivers referred more to body-minded states (RR = 7.98). These findings are interpreted as capturing meaningful differences in toddlers' opportunities to attend to themselves. Implications for self-concept development are discussed.

中文翻译：

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看护者提及幼儿的差异：瓦努阿图和加拿大的儿童导向演讲

作者研究了加拿大和瓦努阿图看护人针对幼儿的儿童定向演讲的异同（N  = 35，M_年龄：21 个月，20 个女孩）。在自由玩耍期间收集了语音样本（2013-2016 年），并重点分析了父母对幼儿的提及。加拿大看护者更多地提到幼儿的有形特征（相对风险，RR = 2.12）和内部状态（RR = 2.31），而瓦努阿图看护者更多地提到行为（RR = 2.04）。在提到内部状态时，加拿大母亲更多地提到头脑状态，而瓦努阿图照顾者更多地提到身体头脑状态 (RR = 7.98)。这些发现被解释为捕获了幼儿照顾自己的机会的有意义的差异。讨论了对自我概念发展的影响。