The positive regulation of bone-forming osteoblast activity and the negative feedback regulation of osteoclastic activity are equally important in strategies to achieve successful alveolar bone regeneration. Here, a molybdenum (Mo)-containing bioactive glass ceramic scaffold with solid-strut-packed structures (Mo-scaffold) was printed, and its ability to regulate pro-osteogenic and anti-osteoclastogenic cellular responses was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. We found that extracts derived from Mo-scaffold (Mo-extracts) strongly stimulated osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and inhibited differentiation of osteoclast progenitors. The identified comodulatory effect was further demonstrated to arise from Mo ions in the Mo-extract, wherein Mo ions suppressed osteoclastic differentiation by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibiting mitochondrial biogenesis in osteoclasts. Consistent with the in vitro findings, the Mo-scaffold was found to significantly promote osteoblast-mediated bone formation and inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone resorption throughout the bone healing process, leading to enhanced bone regeneration. In combination with our previous finding that Mo ions participate in material-mediated immunomodulation, this study offers the new insight that Mo ions facilitate bone repair by comodulating the balance between bone formation and resorption. Our findings suggest that Mo ions are multifunctional cellular modulators that can potentially be used in biomaterial design and bone tissue engineering.

成骨细胞活性的正向调节和破骨细胞活性的负反馈调节在实现成功牙槽骨再生的策略中同样重要。在这里，打印了一种具有固体支柱填充结构的含钼（Mo）生物活性玻璃陶瓷支架（Mo支架），并在体外和体内评估了其调节促成骨和抗破骨细胞反应的能力。我们发现钼支架提取物（Mo-extracts）强烈刺激骨髓间充质干细胞的成骨分化，并抑制破骨细胞祖细胞的分化。所确定的共调节效应被进一步证明是由钼提取物中的钼离子产生的，其中钼离子通过清除活性氧（ROS）并抑制破骨细胞中的线粒体生物合成来抑制破骨细胞分化。与体外研究结果一致，Mo支架在整个骨愈合过程中显着促进成骨细胞介导的骨形成并抑制破骨细胞介导的骨吸收，从而增强骨再生。结合我们之前发现的钼离子参与材料介导的免疫调节，本研究提供了新的见解：钼离子通过共同调节骨形成和骨吸收之间的平衡来促进骨修复。我们的研究结果表明，钼离子是多功能细胞调节剂，可用于生物材料设计和骨组织工程。