Investigation of SST–streamflow connectivity unravels the large-scale climate influences that may have a potential role in modulating local hydrological components. Most studies exploring this relationship only focus on a single timescale; however, various atmospheric and oceanic phenomena occur at different temporal scales, which must be considered. This study examines the association of sea surface temperature (SST) and streamflow in Germany, divided into three regions, viz. Alpine, Atlantic and Continental, at timescales ranging from seasonal to interannual by integrating wavelet transform and complex network techniques. Wavelet transform is used to decompose the time series into multiple frequency signals. The network theory identifies the spatial connections for the 99 percentile correlation coefficient value based on these decomposed signals. The degree centrality metric is used to evaluate the characteristics of the spatially embedded networks. Our results re-establish known SST regions that have a potential connection with the various streamflow regions of Germany. Spatial patterns that resemble the North Atlantic SST tripole-like pattern is predominant for Alpine streamflow regions at finer timescale. Equatorial Atlantic Mode regions observed for Atlantic streamflow at interannual timescale and Vb weather system connected regions in the Mediterranean Sea have appeared for all the streamflow regions of Germany. Besides, continental streamflow regions exhibited combined characteristics of the Alpine and Atlantic streamflow spatial patterns. In addition to the above regions, we also identify the scale-specific patterns in the Pacific, Indian and Southern Ocean regions at different timescales.

中文翻译：

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定制的海面温度指标与不同时间尺度的水流相关联

对 SST-水流连通性的调查揭示了可能在调节当地水文成分方面具有潜在作用的大规模气候影响。大多数探索这种关系的研究只关注一个时间尺度；然而，各种大气和海洋现象发生在不同的时间尺度上，这一点必须加以考虑。本研究调查了德国海面温度 (SST) 与水流的关系，分为三个区域，即。通过整合小波变换和复杂的网络技术，高山、大西洋和大陆，在从季节到年际的时间尺度上。小波变换用于将时间序列分解为多个频率信号。网络理论根据这些分解信号确定 99 个百分位相关系数值的空间连接。度中心性度量用于评估空间嵌入网络的特征。我们的结果重新建立了已知的 SST 区域，这些区域与德国的各个径流区域具有潜在联系。类似于北大西洋 SST 类三极子模式的空间模式在更精细的时间尺度上对于阿尔卑斯河流域来说是主要的。德国的所有径流区域都出现了在年际时间尺度上观测到的大西洋径流的赤道大西洋模式区域和地中海的 Vb 天气系统连接区域。此外，大陆水流区表现出阿尔卑斯山和大西洋水流空间格局的综合特征。除了上述地区，我们还确定了太平洋地区的特定规模模式，