Biomass fuel smoke, secondhand smoke, and oxides of nitrogen are common causes of household air pollution (HAP). Almost 2.4 billion people worldwide use solid fuels for cooking and heating, mostly in low- and middle-income countries. Wood combustion for household heating is also common in many areas of high-income countries, and minorities are particularly vulnerable. HAP in low- and middle-income countries is associated with asthma, acute respiratory tract infections in adults and children, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, tuberculosis, and respiratory mortality. Although wood smoke exposure levels in high-income countries are typically lower than in lower-income countries, it is similarly associated with accelerated lung function decline, higher prevalence of airflow obstruction and chronic bronchitis, and higher all-cause and respiratory cause–specific mortality. Household air cleaners with high-efficiency particle filters have mixed effects on asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease outcomes. Biomass fuel interventions in low-income countries include adding chimneys to cookstoves, improving biomass fuel combustion stoves, and switching fuel to liquid petroleum gas. Still, the impact on health outcomes is inconsistent. In high-income countries, strategies for reducing biomass fuel–related HAP are centered on community-level woodstove changeout programs, although the results are again inconsistent. In addition, initiatives to encourage home smoking bans have mixed success in households with children. Environmental solutions to reduce HAP have varying success in reducing pollutants and health problems. Improved understanding of indoor air quality factors and actions that prevent degradation or improve polluted indoor air may lead to enhanced environmental health policies, but health outcomes must be rigorously examined.

生物质燃料烟雾、二手烟和氮氧化物是家庭空气污染 (HAP) 的常见原因。全球近 24 亿人使用固体燃料做饭和取暖，其中大部分在低收入和中等收入国家。家庭燃烧木材取暖在高收入国家的许多地区也很普遍，少数群体尤其容易受到影响。低收入和中等收入国家的 HAP 与哮喘、成人和儿童急性呼吸道感染、慢性阻塞性肺病、肺癌、肺结核和呼吸道死亡率相关。尽管高收入国家的木烟暴露水平通常低于低收入国家，但它同样与肺功能加速下降、气流阻塞和慢性支气管炎患病率较高有关，以及更高的全因死亡率和呼吸原因特异性死亡率。带有高效颗粒过滤器的家用空气净化器对哮喘和慢性阻塞性肺病的预后有不同的影响。低收入国家的生物质燃料干预措施包括在炉灶上增加烟囱、改进生物质燃料燃烧炉以及将燃料转换为液化石油气。尽管如此，对健康结果的影响并不一致。在高收入国家，减少与生物质燃料相关的 HAP 的策略集中在社区层面的木炉更换计划，尽管结果再次不一致。此外，鼓励家庭禁烟的举措在有孩子的家庭中取得了不同程度的成功。减少 HAP 的环境解决方案在减少污染物和健康问题方面取得了不同程度的成功。