Aims Alcohol expectancies are directly linked to alcohol misuse and indirectly linked to negative consequences via use. Likewise, willingness to experience negative consequences imparts direct risk for negative consequences and may represent an important individual difference when predicting risky alcohol use. To date, no studies have examined how willingness to experience consequences may moderate relations between expectancies and alcohol use in the prediction of negative consequences. It is possible that those who expect appetitive effects and are high in willingness may discount the severity of negative consequences and drink more to realize positive expectations. Alternatively, those who expect aversive alcohol-related effects and are high in willingness may drink more to overcome negative experiences. Methods The current study tested these hypotheses in a sample of undergraduate students (N = 657) from a larger study focused on alcohol and cannabis co-use. Results Findings suggested that high-arousal positive expectancies (e.g. sociable, lively, talkative) function as a risk factor for negative consequences indirectly through heavier drinking, whereas low-arousal positive (e.g. mellow, relaxed) expectancies served as an indirect protective factor against negative consequences through lighter drinking. Willingness to experience negative consequences had direct and indirect effects on negative consequences through drinking but did not interact with alcohol expectancies. Conclusions The present study demonstrates the utility of assessing the full range of alcohol expectancies and behavioral willingness in continued research into the dynamic nature of antecedents to alcohol misuse and negative consequences.

中文翻译：

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检查行为意愿对酒精预期与负面后果之间间接关系的调节作用

目标 对酒精的预期与酒精滥用直接相关，并与酒精滥用造成的负面后果间接相关。同样，愿意经历负面后果会带来负面后果的直接风险，并且在预测危险饮酒时可能代表重要的个体差异。迄今为止，还没有研究探讨经历后果的意愿如何在预测负面后果时调节预期与饮酒之间的关系。那些期待食欲效果且意愿高的人可能会低估负面后果的严重性并喝更多酒以实现积极的期望。或者，那些期望与酒精相关的不良影响并且意愿很高的人可能会喝更多的酒来克服负面经历。方法 目前的研究在来自一项针对酒精和大麻共同使用的更大规模研究的本科生样本 (N = 657) 中测试了这些假设。结果 调查结果表明，高觉醒的积极期望（如善于交际、活泼、健谈）是通过大量饮酒间接导致负面后果的风险因素，而低觉醒的积极期望（如温和、放松）是对消极后果的间接保护因素通过少量饮酒的后果。经历负面后果的意愿对饮酒带来的负面后果有直接和间接的影响，但与饮酒预期没有相互作用。