A new series of bio-based sulfonate gemini surfactants was synthesized through esterification of renewable linoleic acid with various alcohols and subsequent sulfonation with readily available sodium hydrogensulfite (NaHSO₃). Organocatalytic sulfonation of methyl linoleate with NaHSO₃ by the triethylamine and tert-butyl peroxybenzoate catalyst system was investigated, where a methyl linoleate conversion of 96.4% could be achieved while generating high purity product without tedious purification. Three resulting sodium alkyl linoleate disulfonates (SALDs) have been characterized by Fourier transform infrared, high-performance liquid chromatography, LC–MS, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR–MS), nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, and thermogravimetric analysis. The physicochemical properties and surface properties of the SALDs at various concentrations were investigated. The results showed that the SALDs exhibited low Krafft temperature, high water solubility, foam stability (foam half-life time could reach 15 min), emulsifying ability (emulsification time of 2.0 g/L is 192 s), and good thermal stability. This study enriches the family of anionic gemini surfactants and provides reference data for facile preparation of gemini surfactants.

中文翻译：

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亚油酸烷基酯加亚硫酸氢钠制备的可再生不对称磺酸盐双子表面活性剂

通过可再生亚油酸与各种醇的酯化反应，以及随后与易得的亚硫酸氢钠 (NaHSO ₃ ) 的磺化反应，合成了一系列新的生物基磺酸盐双子表面活性剂。三乙胺和叔胺对亚油酸甲酯与NaHSO _{3的有机催化}磺化研究了过氧化苯甲酸丁酯催化剂体系，其中亚油酸甲酯的转化率可达到 96.4%，同时无需繁琐的纯化即可生成高纯度产品。三种由此产生的烷基亚油酸二磺酸钠 (SALD) 已通过傅里叶变换红外、高效液相色谱、LC-MS、高分辨率质谱 (HR-MS)、核磁共振技术和热重分析进行了表征。研究了不同浓度下 SALD 的物理化学性质和表面性质。结果表明，SALDs具有低Krafft温度、高水溶性、泡沫稳定性（泡沫半衰期可达15 min）、乳化能力（2.0 g/L的乳化时间为192 s）和良好的热稳定性。