Comprehensive understanding of how climate change and cropland management affect crop growth and water consumption is essential but unclear in the North China Plain (NCP) which is one of the major winter wheat and summer maize production regions. By combining an agro-hydrological model with 16-year eddy covariance observation, we quantified the impacts of climatic factors and key management (i.e., sowing date and irrigation) on the trend of key phenological stages, leaf area index (LAI), crop yield, evapotranspiration (ET), and water use efficiency (WUE) at a typical irrigated site in the NCP. We found that the advance of start and end of season was mainly caused by advanced sowing date and rising temperature which also shortened the reproductive phase; however, the growing season length (GSL) was remarkably shortened by advanced sowing date. Although LAI and yield of both crops were increasing, they were mainly negatively affected by rising temperature while slightly promoted by elevated CO₂ concentration. LAI and yield of maize were also greatly improved by increasing radiation and irrigation, and wheat's growth was considerably hampered by excessive irrigation. Increasing ET was mainly ascribed to increasing radiation and decreasing humidity, but slightly inhibited by elevated CO₂ concentration. Increasing WUE was mainly inhibited by the rising temperature and decreasing humidity while improved slightly by elevated CO₂ concentration. Besides, we inferred that increase in LAI, yield, ET, and WUE of wheat is most likely to be attributed to the renewal of cultivars, the delay of key phenological stages, and prolongation of GSL for both crops was also possibly caused by the renewal of cultivars. Our study provided a first comprehensive insight into the long-term coupled variation of crop growth and evapotranspiration in this region.

全面了解气候变化和农田管理如何影响作物生长和耗水量对于作为冬小麦和夏玉米主要产区之一的华北平原 (NCP) 至关重要，但尚不清楚。通过将农业水文模型与16年涡度协方差观测相结合，量化了气候因素和关键管理（即播种日期和灌溉）对关键物候期、叶面积指数（LAI）、作物产量趋势的影响。 、蒸散量 (ET) 和水利用效率 (WUE) 在 NCP 的典型灌溉地点。我们发现，季节开始和结束的提前主要是由于播期提前和气温升高，也缩短了繁殖期；然而，提前播种日期显着缩短了生长季节长度（GSL）。₂浓度。增加辐射和灌溉也大大提高了玉米的 LAI 和产量，但过度灌溉严重阻碍了小麦的生长。_{ET增加主要归因于辐射增加和湿度降低，但受CO 2}浓度升高的轻微抑制。WUE的增加主要受到温度升高和湿度降低的抑制，而CO _{2升高则略有改善}专注。此外，我们推断小麦的LAI、产量、ET和WUE的增加最有可能归因于品种的更新，关键物候阶段的延迟，以及两种作物的GSL延长也可能是更新造成的。的品种。我们的研究首次全面了解了该地区作物生长和蒸散的长期耦合变化。