Surface-energy effects, such as the Kelvin effect, that regulate the formation of ice determine the observed abundance, distribution and evolution of CO in protoplanetary disks.

中文翻译：

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冰形成物理学解释了在行星出生地对二氧化碳的令人费解的观察

调节冰形成的表面能效应，例如开尔文效应，决定了观察到的原行星盘中二氧化碳的丰度、分布和演化。