Recent advancements in nanotechnology have enabled us to develop sophisticated multifunctional nanoparticles or nanosystems for targeted diagnosis and treatment of several illnesses, including cancers. To effectively treat any solid tumor, the therapy should preferably target just the malignant cells/tissue with minor damage to normal cells/tissues. Graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles have gained considerable interest owing to their two-dimensional planar structure, chemical/mechanical stability, excellent photosensitivity, superb conductivity, high surface area, and good biocompatibility in cancer therapy. Many compounds have been functionalized on the surface of GO to increase their biological applications and minimize cytotoxicity. The review presents an overview of the physicochemical characteristics, strategies for various modifications, toxicity and biocompatibility of graphene and graphene oxide, current trends in developing GO-based nano constructs as a drug delivery cargo and other biological applications, including chemo-photothermal therapy, chemo-photodynamic therapy, bioimaging, and theragnosis in cancer. Further, the review discusses the challenges and opportunities of GO, GO-based nanomaterials for the said applications. Overall, the review focuses on the therapeutic potential of strategically developed GO nanomedicines and comprehensively discusses their opportunities and challenges in cancer therapy.

纳米技术的最新进展使我们能够开发复杂的多功能纳米粒子或纳米系统，用于靶向诊断和治疗包括癌症在内的多种疾病。为了有效治疗任何实体瘤，治疗应优选仅针对对正常细胞/组织造成轻微损伤的恶性细胞/组织。氧化石墨烯（GO）纳米粒子由于其二维平面结构、化学/机械稳定性、优异的光敏性、极好的导电性、高表面积和在癌症治疗中的良好生物相容性而引起了广泛关注。许多化合物已在 GO 表面进行了功能化，以增加其生物学应用并最大限度地减少细胞毒性。该综述概述了物理化学特征、各种修饰的策略、石墨烯和氧化石墨烯的毒性和生物相容性，目前开发基于 GO 的纳米结构作为药物输送货物和其他生物应用的趋势，包括化学光热疗法、化学光动力疗法、生物成像和癌症治疗。此外，该评论讨论了 GO、GO 基纳米材料在上述应用中的挑战和机遇。总体而言，该综述侧重于战略性开发的 GO 纳米药物的治疗潜力，并全面讨论了它们在癌症治疗中的机遇和挑战。此外，该评论讨论了 GO、GO 基纳米材料在上述应用中的挑战和机遇。总体而言，该综述侧重于战略性开发的 GO 纳米药物的治疗潜力，并全面讨论了它们在癌症治疗中的机遇和挑战。此外，该评论讨论了 GO、GO 基纳米材料在上述应用中的挑战和机遇。总体而言，该综述侧重于战略性开发的 GO 纳米药物的治疗潜力，并全面讨论了它们在癌症治疗中的机遇和挑战。