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Low Levels of Contaminants Stimulate Harmful Algal Organisms and Enrich Their Toxins
Environmental Science & Technology ( IF 10.8 ) Pub Date : 2022-08-13 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02763 Evgenios Agathokleous 1, 2 , Josep Peñuelas 3, 4 , Ricardo A Azevedo 5 , Matthias C Rillig 6, 7 , Haoyu Sun 8 , Edward J Calabrese 9
Environmental Science & Technology ( IF 10.8 ) Pub Date : 2022-08-13 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02763 Evgenios Agathokleous 1, 2 , Josep Peñuelas 3, 4 , Ricardo A Azevedo 5 , Matthias C Rillig 6, 7 , Haoyu Sun 8 , Edward J Calabrese 9
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A widespread increase in intense phytoplankton blooms has been noted in lakes worldwide since the 1980s, with the summertime peak intensity amplifying in most lakes. Such blooms cause annual economic losses of multibillion USD and present a major challenge, affecting 11 out of the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Here, we evaluate recent scientific evidence for hormetic effects of emerging contaminants and regulated pollutants on Microcystis sp., the most notorious cyanobacteria forming harmful algal blooms and releasing phycotoxins in eutrophic freshwater systems. This new evidence leads to the conclusion that pollution is linked to algal bloom intensification. Concentrations of contaminants that are considerably smaller than the threshold for toxicity enhance the formation of harmful colonies, increase the production of phycotoxins and their release into the environment, and lower the efficacy of algaecides to control algal blooms. The low-dose enhancement of microcystins is attributed to the up-regulation of a protein controlling microcystin release (McyH) and various microcystin synthetases in tandem with the global nitrogen regulator Ycf28, nonribosomal peptide synthetases, and several ATP-binding cassette transport proteins. Given that colony formation and phycotoxin production and release are enhanced by contaminant concentrations smaller than the toxicological threshold and are widely occurring in the environment, the effect of contaminants on harmful algal blooms is more prevalent than previously thought. Climate change and nutrient enrichment, known mechanisms underpinning algal blooms, are thus joined by low-level pollutants as another causal mechanism.
中文翻译：
低水平的污染物会刺激有害藻类生物并丰富它们的毒素
自 1980 年代以来，世界各地的湖泊中都出现了强烈的浮游植物水华现象普遍增加，大多数湖泊的夏季高峰强度都在扩大。这种水华每年造成数十亿美元的经济损失，是一项重大挑战，影响了 17 个联合国可持续发展目标中的 11 个。在这里，我们评估了新出现的污染物和受管制污染物对微囊藻的刺激作用的最新科学证据sp. 是最臭名昭著的蓝细菌，在富营养化淡水系统中形成有害藻华并释放藻毒素。这一新证据得出的结论是，污染与藻华加剧有关。远低于毒性阈值的污染物浓度会增强有害菌落的形成，增加藻毒素的产生及其释放到环境中，并降低除藻剂控制藻华的功效。微囊藻毒素的低剂量增强归因于控制微囊藻毒素释放 (McyH) 的蛋白质和各种微囊藻毒素合成酶与全局氮调节剂 Ycf28、非核糖体肽合成酶和几种 ATP 结合盒转运蛋白的上调。鉴于低于毒理学阈值的污染物浓度增强了菌落形成和藻毒素的产生和释放，并且广泛存在于环境中，污染物对有害藻华的影响比以前认为的更为普遍。气候变化和养分富集是藻类大量繁殖的已知机制，因此与低水平污染物一起作为另一个因果机制。
更新日期：2022-08-13
中文翻译：
低水平的污染物会刺激有害藻类生物并丰富它们的毒素
自 1980 年代以来，世界各地的湖泊中都出现了强烈的浮游植物水华现象普遍增加，大多数湖泊的夏季高峰强度都在扩大。这种水华每年造成数十亿美元的经济损失，是一项重大挑战，影响了 17 个联合国可持续发展目标中的 11 个。在这里，我们评估了新出现的污染物和受管制污染物对微囊藻的刺激作用的最新科学证据sp. 是最臭名昭著的蓝细菌，在富营养化淡水系统中形成有害藻华并释放藻毒素。这一新证据得出的结论是，污染与藻华加剧有关。远低于毒性阈值的污染物浓度会增强有害菌落的形成，增加藻毒素的产生及其释放到环境中，并降低除藻剂控制藻华的功效。微囊藻毒素的低剂量增强归因于控制微囊藻毒素释放 (McyH) 的蛋白质和各种微囊藻毒素合成酶与全局氮调节剂 Ycf28、非核糖体肽合成酶和几种 ATP 结合盒转运蛋白的上调。鉴于低于毒理学阈值的污染物浓度增强了菌落形成和藻毒素的产生和释放，并且广泛存在于环境中，污染物对有害藻华的影响比以前认为的更为普遍。气候变化和养分富集是藻类大量繁殖的已知机制，因此与低水平污染物一起作为另一个因果机制。
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