Paper 2 of the paediatric regenerative medicine Series focuses on recent advances in postnatal approaches. New gene, cell, and niche-based technologies and their combinations allow structural and functional reconstitution and simulation of complex postnatal cell, tissue, and organ hierarchies. Organoid and tissue engineering advances provide human disease models and novel treatments for both rare paediatric diseases and common diseases affecting all ages, such as COVID-19. Preclinical studies for gastrointestinal disorders are directed towards oesophageal replacement, short bowel syndrome, enteric neuropathy, biliary atresia, and chronic end-stage liver failure. For respiratory diseases, beside the first human tracheal replacement, more complex tissue engineering represents a promising solution to generate transplantable lungs. Genitourinary tissue replacement and expansion usually involve application of biocompatible scaffolds seeded with patient-derived cells. Gene and cell therapy approaches seem appropriate for rare paediatric diseases of the musculoskeletal system such as spinal muscular dystrophy, whereas congenital diseases of complex organs, such as the heart, continue to challenge new frontiers of regenerative medicine.

儿科再生医学系列论文 2 侧重于产后治疗的最新进展。新的基因、细胞和基于生态位的技术及其组合允许对复杂的出生后细胞、组织和器官层次结构和功能进行重构和模拟。类器官和组织工程的进步为罕见的儿科疾病和影响所有年龄段的常见疾病（例如 COVID-19）提供了人类疾病模型和新的治疗方法。胃肠道疾病的临床前研究针对食管置换、短肠综合征、肠神经病变、胆道闭锁和慢性终末期肝功能衰竭。对于呼吸系统疾病，除了第一个人类气管替代物外，更复杂的组织工程代表了产生可移植肺的有希望的解决方案。泌尿生殖器组织的替代和扩张通常涉及应用生物相容性支架，其中接种了患者来源的细胞。基因和细胞治疗方法似乎适用于肌肉骨骼系统的罕见儿科疾病，如脊髓性肌营养不良症，而复杂器官的先天性疾病，如心脏，继续挑战再生医学的新领域。