Correctly identifying and understanding the drivers of ecosystem change and their impacts on ecosystem services (ESs) could provide comprehensive supporting information for ecological governance decisions. This study aimed to identify the key drivers and influencers of natural and human factors on water-related ecosystem services (WESs) in three aspects: spatial heterogeneity contribution, driving relationships, and constraining relationships. The study area included the Dongting Lake Basin, which was divided into 2816 sub-basins as the spatial unit. The WESs of water production, soil conservation, and water purification (output nitrogen) from 2000 to 2020 were quantified, and the impact of environmental factors on WESs and ES enhancement potential were assessed. The results showed that: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the three WESs increased in varying degrees; water production, soil conservation, and nitrogen export increased by 27.60%, 43.20%, and 1.50%, respectively. (2) Precipitation (PRE), slope (Slope), and percentage of ecological land (ELP) were the dominant factors influencing the spatial heterogeneity pattern of water production, soil conservation, and nitrogen output, respectively; PRE, Slope, and ELP had evident nonlinear relationships with the WESs and displayed segmental regression relationship characteristics. (3) Natural and human factors had significant constraining effects on the WESs, even though the driving effects were not significant. (4) Potential measurement results that integrate the driving and limiting effects of factors showed significant heterogeneity, which allows for the screening of efficient ES enhancement measures and locating the implementation space. Therefore, comprehensively considering the effects of multiple drivers and obtaining a multilateral understanding of the impact of the driving factors on ESs will help refine and optimize environmental management decisions.

正确识别和理解生态系统变化的驱动因素及其对生态系统服务（ES）的影响，可以为生态治理决策提供全面的支持信息。本研究旨在从空间异质性贡献、驱动关系和约束关系三个方面确定自然和人为因素对水相关生态系统服务（WES）的关键驱动因素和影响因素。研究区包括洞庭湖流域，以空间单元为单位划分为2816个子流域。量化了2000-2020年产水、土壤保持和净水（输出氮）的WESs，评估了环境因素对WESs和ES增强潜力的影响。结果表明：（1）从2000年到2020年，三个WES都有不同程度的增加；水生产、水土保持和氮输出分别增长27.60%、43.20%和1.50%。(2)降水量(PRE)、坡度(Slope)和生态用地百分比(ELP)分别是影响水生产、土壤保持和氮输出空间异质格局的主导因素；PRE、Slope、ELP与WES具有明显的非线性关系，并呈现出分段回归关系特征。(3)自然因素和人为因素对WESs有显着的约束作用，尽管驱动作用不显着。(4) 综合因素驱动和限制作用的潜在测量结果显示出显着的异质性，这允许筛选有效的 ES 增强措施并确定实施空间。因此，综合考虑多种驱动因素的影响，多方了解驱动因素对环境影响的影响，有助于细化和优化环境管理决策。