The Mesolithic in Eastern Europe was the last time that hunter-gatherer economies thrived there before the spread of agriculture in the second half of the seventh millennium BC. But the period, and the interactions between foragers and the first farmers, are poorly understood in the Carpathian Basin and surrounding areas because few sites are known, and even fewer have been excavated and published. How did site location differ between Mesolithic and Early Neolithic settlers? And where should we look for rare Mesolithic sites? Proximity analysis is seldom used for predictive modeling for hunter-gatherer sites at large scales, but in this paper, we argue that it can serve as an important starting point for prospection for rare and poorly understood sites. This study uses proximity analysis to provide quantitative landscape associations of known Mesolithic and Early Neolithic sites in the Carpathian Basin to show how Mesolithic people chose attributes of the landscape for camps, and how they differed from the farmers who later settled. We use elevation and slope, rivers, wetlands prior to the twentieth century, and the distribution of lithic raw materials foragers and farmers used for toolmaking to identify key proxies for preferred locations. We then build predictive models for the Mesolithic and Early Neolithic in the Pannonian region to highlight parts of the landscape that have relatively higher probabilities of having Mesolithic sites still undiscovered and contrast them with the settlement patterns of the first farmers in the area. We find that large parts of Pannonia conform to landforms preferred by Mesolithic foragers, but these areas have not been subject to investigation.

东欧的中石器时代是在公元前七千年下半叶农业普及之前，狩猎-采集经济最后一次在那里蓬勃发展。但在喀尔巴阡盆地及周边地区，人们对这一时期以及觅食者与第一批农民之间的互动知之甚少，因为已知的遗址很少，挖掘和出版的遗址更少。中石器时代和新石器时代早期定居者的遗址位置有何不同？我们应该在哪里寻找稀有的中石器时代遗址？邻近分析很少用于大规模狩猎采集地点的预测建模，但在本文中，我们认为它可以作为对稀有和知之甚少的地点进行勘探的重要起点。本研究使用邻近分析来提供喀尔巴阡盆地已知中石器时代和新石器时代早期遗址的定量景观关联，以展示中石器时代的人们如何选择营地的景观属性，以及他们与后来定居的农民有何不同。我们使用 20 世纪之前的海拔和坡度、河流、湿地，以及用于工具制造的觅食者和农民的分布来确定首选位置的关键代理。然后，我们为潘诺尼亚地区的中石器时代和新石器时代早期建立了预测模型，以突出显示中石器时代遗址未被发现的可能性相对较高的部分景观，并将其与该地区第一批农民的定居模式进行对比。