I investigate three factors that keep countries from adopting the strategy of cross-domain warfare and launching cyber and military operations at the same time. I do so by disentangling the relationship between international law, cybersecurity norms, and the concept of cross-domain operations. My analysis of Japan’s cross-domain vision indicates how difficult it can be for norm-compliant countries to launch cross-domain operations. In Japan’s case, the reason for the challenge rests with flaws in its legal system and a long-standing commitment to international legal and normative regulations applied to cyberspace dynamics. The three factors are behind the reason why Japan has never carried out a cross-domain operation, even though other states have essentially done so. The analysis generates several strategic implications for other countries contemplating the use of cross-domain operations within their own legal and international parameters.

中文翻译：

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发动网络军事打击的前景和挑战：日本的“跨域”作战理念

我调查了阻碍各国采取跨域战争战略并同时开展网络和军事行动的三个因素。我通过解开国际法、网络安全规范和跨域作战概念之间的关系来做到这一点。我对日本跨域愿景的分析表明，遵守规范的国家开展跨域行动有多么困难。在日本的案例中，挑战的原因在于其法律体系的缺陷以及对适用于网络空间动态的国际法律和规范性法规的长期承诺。这三个因素是日本从未进行过跨域行动的原因，尽管其他国家基本上已经这样做了。