This study investigated the effects of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles released from synthesized thiourea catalyst on the biological aspects of Chlorella vulgaris. Fe₃O₄ concentrations (0, 10, 100, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 mg L⁻¹) were used for the exposure tests. Biological parameters of C. vulgaris, including cell density, cell viability, and pigment content, were assessed. Bioconcentration and bioaccumulation factors were evaluated for contaminated microalgae. Non-carcinogenic risks were then assessed using target hazard quotient (THQ) for potential risks in human consumptions. Findings showed that C. vulgaris cell number increased from 0 to 500 mg L⁻¹ of Fe₃O₄ concentration. Chlorophyll a represented a time-dependent response, and greatest values were detected in 250 and 500 mg L⁻¹ Fe₃O₄ at 4.2 and 4 mg/g, respectively. Chlorophyll b content showed a time-related manner in exposure to Fe₃O₄ with the highest values recorded at 250 mg L⁻¹ after 96 h. Moreover, bioaccumulation displayed a dose-dependent response at 15,000 µg/g dw in 1000 mg L⁻¹, whereas the lowest concentration was in the control group at 1700 µg/g dw. The bioconcentration factor showed a concentration-relevant decrease in all iron treatments and 10 mg L⁻¹ of Fe₃O₄ represented the greatest BCF at 327.3611. Non-carcinogenic risks illustrated negligible hazard (THQ < 1) and the largest EDI and THQ were calculated in 1000 mg L⁻¹ at 7.4332E–07 (mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹) and 1.06189E–09, respectively. Together, iron is an essential trace element for biological purposes in aquatic systems, but in exceeding concentrations could impose toxicity effects to C. vulgaris populations.

本研究调查了合成硫脲催化剂释放的Fe ₃ O _{4纳米颗粒对}小球藻生物学方面的影响。Fe ₃ O ₄浓度（0、10、100、250、500、750和1000mg L ^-1）用于暴露测试。评估了C. vulgaris的生物学参数，包括细胞密度、细胞活力和色素含量。对受污染微藻的生物浓缩和生物累积因子进行了评估。然后使用目标危害商 (THQ) 评估非致癌风险，以评估人类消费中的潜在风险。研究结果表明，C. vulgaris细胞数量从Fe ₃ O ₄浓度的 0 增加到 500 mg L ^{-1 。}叶绿素 a 代表时间依赖性反应，在 250 和 500 mg L ^-1 Fe ₃ O ₄中分别检测到 4.2 和 4 mg/g 的最大值。_{叶绿素b含量在暴露于Fe 3} O ₄时表现出与时间相关的方式，在96小时后记录的最高值是250 mg L ^{-1 。此外，生物蓄积在 1000 mg L -1}中显示出 15,000 µg/g dw 的剂量依赖性反应，而对照组的最低浓度为 1700 µg/g dw。生物浓缩因子在所有铁处理中显示出与浓度相关的降低，并且 10 mg L ^-1的 Fe ₃ O ₄代表最大的 BCF，为 327.3611。非致癌风险说明危害可忽略不计（THQ < 1），最大 EDI 和 THQ 分别在 7.4332E-07（mg kg ^-1 天^-1）和 1.06189E-09 时以 1000 mg L ^-1计算。总之，铁是水生系统中用于生物目的的必需微量元素，但超过浓度可能会对C. vulgaris种群产生毒性影响。