Abstract

Nowadays, the rapid improvements in the medical and pharmaceutical fields increase the diversity and use of drugs. However, problems such as the use of multiple or combined drugs in the treatment of diseases and insensible use of over-the-counter drugs have caused concerns about the side-effect profiles and therapeutic ranges of drugs and environmental contamination and pollution problems due to pharmaceuticals waste. Therefore, the analysis of drugs in various media such as biological, pharmaceutical, and environmental samples is an important topic of discussion. Electrochemical methods are advantageous for sensor applications due to their easy application, low cost, versatility, high sensitivity, and environmentally-friendliness. Carbon nanomaterials such as diamond-like carbon thin films, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, graphene oxide, and nanodiamonds are used to enhance the performance of the electrochemical sensors with catalytic effects. To further improve this effect, it is aimed to create hybrid platforms by using different carbon nanomaterials together or with materials such as conductive polymers and ionic liquids. In this review, the most used carbon nanoforms will be evaluated in terms of electrochemical characterizations and physicochemical properties. Furthermore, the effect of hybrid platforms developed in the most recent studies on electrochemical sensors will be examined and evaluated in terms of drug analysis studies in the last five years.

 抽象的

如今，医疗和制药领域的快速进步增加了药物的多样性和使用。然而，多种或联合用药治疗疾病、不合理使用非处方药等问题，引起人们对药物的副作用、治疗范围以及药品对环境的污染和污染问题的担忧。浪费。因此，生物、药物和环境样品等各种介质中的药物分析是一个重要的讨论话题。电化学方法由于其易于使用、成本低、多功能性、高灵敏度和环境友好性而在传感器应用中具有优势。碳纳米材料，如类金刚石碳薄膜、碳纳米管、碳纳米纤维、氧化石墨烯和纳米金刚石，用于增强具有催化作用的电化学传感器的性能。为了进一步改善这种效果，旨在通过将不同的碳纳米材料一起使用或与导电聚合物和离子液体等材料一起使用来创建混合平台。在这篇综述中，将根据电化学特性和物理化学性质对最常用的碳纳米形态进行评估。此外，电化学传感器最新研究中开发的混合平台的效果将在过去五年的药物分析研究中得到检验和评估。