Helicopter parents are highly involved parents who hover over and around their child, applying developmentally inappropriate levels of control and tangible assistance. Previous research with different-sex parent families indicates that helicopter parenting is particularly problematic in emerging adulthood as it may indirectly affect the offspring's mental health through their use of emotional avoidant coping. Knowledge is lacking, however, on the antecedents and consequences of helicopter parenting in lesbian-parent families. The present longitudinal, questionnaire-based study investigated the effect of homophobic stigmatization in adolescence on mental health via helicopter parenting and emotional avoidant coping among 76 (37 females and 39 males) National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study 25-year-old offspring of lesbian parents. All participants were cisgender, born in the USA, and conceived through donor sperm, with the majority being White, heterosexual, highly educated, and no longer living with their parents. Parents who reported that their offspring experienced homophobic stigmatization in adolescence were likely to enact higher helicopter parenting in emerging adulthood. Then, higher scores on helicopter parenting were associated with offspring's greater use of emotional avoidant coping, which in turn negatively affected the mental health of emerging adult offspring. Discussed in light of Bowen's family differentiation theory, the results suggest that clinicians should examine helicopter parenting in the context of lesbian parents' developmental history and potential tendency to project their own concerns about safety onto their child in order to reduce the distress of experienced homophobic stigmatization. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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直升机育儿、情绪回避应对、心理健康和女同性恋父母新兴成年后代的恐同污名。

直升机父母是高度参与的父母，他们在孩子的上方和周围徘徊，应用发育不适当的控制水平和切实的帮助。先前对不同性别父母家庭的研究表明，直升机式养育在成年后尤其成问题，因为它可能通过使用情绪回避应对间接影响后代的心理健康。然而，关于在女同性恋父母家庭中直升机式养育的前因和后果的知识缺乏。本纵向、基于问卷的研究调查了 76 名（37 名女性和 39 名男性）全国纵向女同性恋家庭研究 25 岁女同性恋父母的后代，通过直升机养育和情绪回避应对青春期同性恋污名化对心理健康的影响。所有参与者都是顺性别者，出生在美国，通过捐献者的精子受孕，其中大多数是白人、异性恋、受过高等教育，并且不再与父母同住。报告说他们的后代在青春期遭受同性恋污名的父母可能会在成年后实施更高的直升机育儿。然后，直升机育儿得分越高与后代更多地使用情绪回避应对有关，这反过来又对新兴成年后代的心理健康产生负面影响。根据鲍文的家庭分化理论进行讨论，结果表明临床医生应该在女同性恋父母的背景下检查直升机养育。发展历史和潜在倾向将自己对安全的担忧投射到孩子身上，以减少经历过的恐同污名化的痛苦。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2022 APA，保留所有权利）。