The Tonga volcano eruption of 15 January 2022 unleashed a variety of atmospheric perturbations, coinciding with the recovery-phase of a geomagnetic storm. The ensuing thermospheric variations created rare display of extreme poleward-expanding conjugate plasma bubbles seen in the rate of total electron content index over 100–150°E, reaching ∼40°N geographic latitude. This is associated with fluctuations in FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2 (F7/C2) ion-density measurements and spread-F in ionograms. Preceding to this, an unusually strong pre-reversal enhancement (PRE) occurred in the global ionospheric specification (GIS) electron density profiles derived from F7/C2 observations. The GIS also revealed a decrease of equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crest density due to the storm impact. Reduced E-region conductivity by volcano-induced waves and enhanced F-region wind, further accelerated by reduced ion-drag over the EIA, apparently intensified the PRE. Accompanied with the strong PRE, volcano-induced seed perturbations triggered the super plasma bubble activity.

中文翻译：

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地磁风暴恢复阶段汤加火山喷发引发亚太地区极极膨胀超等离子气泡

2022 年 1 月 15 日的汤加火山喷发引发了各种大气扰动，与地磁风暴的恢复阶段相吻合。随后的热层变化创造了罕见的极端向极膨胀共轭等离子体气泡的显示，在 100-150°E 的总电子含量指数速率中可以看到，达到约 40°N 地理纬度。这与 FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2 (F7/C2) 离子密度测量值的波动和离子图中的扩散 F 有关。在此之前，从 F7/C2 观测得出的全球电离层规范 (GIS) 电子密度剖面中出现了异常强烈的预反转增强 (PRE)。GIS 还显示，由于风暴影响，赤道电离异常 (EIA) 波峰密度降低。火山诱发的波浪降低了 E 区的电导率，增强了 F 区的风，通过减少 EIA 上的离子阻力进一步加速，显然加剧了 PRE。伴随着强烈的 PRE，火山引发的种子扰动触发了超级等离子体气泡活动。