The abnormal cerebrospinal fluid levels of biomarkers, such as β-amyloid and phosphorylated tau (pTau), support the biological diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease (AD) independently of its clinical stage. However, this invasive exam cannot be extensively applied and requires previous sound clinical screen that can be based on brief, well validated cognitive tests, such as the Phototest.

中文翻译：

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照片测试中的认知表现是阿尔茨海默病生物标志物的预测因子


脑脊液中生物标志物（如β-淀粉样蛋白和磷酸化 tau (pTau)）水平的异常支持阿尔茨海默病 (AD) 的生物学诊断，无论其临床分期如何。然而，这种侵入性检查不能广泛应用，并且需要事先进行健全的临床筛选，该筛选可以基于简短的、经过充分验证的认知测试，例如照片测试。