The development of light detection and ranging (lidar) technology began in the 1960s, following the invention of the laser, which represents the central component of this system, integrating laser scanning with an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and Global Positioning System (GPS). Lidar technology is spreading to many different areas of application, from those in autonomous vehicles for road detection and object recognition, to those in the maritime sector, including object detection for autonomous navigation, monitoring ocean ecosystems, mapping coastal areas, and other diverse applications. This paper presents lidar system technology and reviews its application in the modern road transportation and maritime sector. Some of the better-known lidar systems for practical applications, on which current commercial models are based, are presented, and their advantages and disadvantages are described and analyzed. Moreover, current challenges and future trends of application are discussed. This paper also provides a systematic review of recent scientific research on the application of lidar system technology and the corresponding computational algorithms for data analysis, mainly focusing on deep learning algorithms, in the modern road transportation and maritime sector, based on an extensive analysis of the available scientific literature.

中文翻译：

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激光系统在现代道路运输和海事领域的探测和测距应用

光探测和测距（激光雷达）技术的发展始于 1960 年代，随着激光的发明，激光是该系统的核心组件，将激光扫描与惯性测量单元 (IMU) 和全球定位系统 (GPS) 集成在一起. 激光雷达技术正在扩展到许多不同的应用领域，从用于道路检测和物体识别的自动驾驶汽车到海事领域，包括用于自主导航的物体检测、监测海洋生态系统、测绘沿海地区以及其他各种应用。本文介绍了激光雷达系统技术并回顾了其在现代道路运输和海事领域的应用。介绍了一些较为知名的用于实际应用的激光雷达系统，目前的商业模型都基于这些系统，并对它们的优缺点进行了描述和分析。此外，讨论了当前的挑战和未来的应用趋势。本文还系统回顾了最近关于激光雷达系统技术应用的科学研究以及相应的数据分析计算算法，主要集中在深度学习算法，在现代道路运输和海事领域，基于广泛的分析可用的科学文献。