This study comprehensively analyzes the failure behavior of metro vehicle end structures (VESs) during collisions, using the common material SUS301L-MT in a stainless steel metro and its VES as the research object. First, constitutive and failure tests are performed on the material, the macro–micro characterization of its mechanical properties is performed, and the failure strains and morphologies under various stress states are obtained and discussed. Subsequently, two failure criteria, Von Mises (VM) and Generalized Incremental Stress State Dependent Damage Model (GISSMO), are calibrated and established. Finally, the crashworthiness evaluation indexes of the VES are defined, and vertical offset collisions of metro VESs for different speed levels are numerically analyzed. The results show that the stress triaxiality significantly affects the failure strain of stainless steel SUS301L-MT, with the maximal difference for different stress states reaching 51.10%. SUS301L-MT stainless steel exhibits strain-rate strengthening and yield hysteresis effects. Overall, the numerical results for the VM criterion are worse than for the GISSMO criterion, which more accurately describes the collision behavior of metro VESs under complex stress states.

本研究以某不锈钢地铁中常用材料SUS301L-MT及其VES为研究对象，综合分析了地铁车辆端部结构（VES）在碰撞过程中的失效行为。首先，对材料进行了本构和失效试验，对其力学性能进行了宏观-微观表征，获得并讨论了各种应力状态下的失效应变和形貌。随后，校准并建立了两个失效准则，即 Von Mises (VM) 和广义增量应力状态相关损伤模型 (GISSMO)。最后，定义了VES的耐撞性评价指标，并对不同速度等级的地铁VES的垂直偏移碰撞进行了数值分析。结果表明，应力三轴性显着影响不锈钢SUS301L-MT的破坏应变，不同应力状态下的最大差异达到51.10%。SUS301L-MT不锈钢表现出应变率强化和屈服滞后效应。总体而言，VM 标准的数值结果比 GISSMO 标准差，后者更准确地描述了地铁 VES 在复杂应力状态下的碰撞行为。