The birth of a new child continues to exacerbate gender specialization among different-sex couples. This study considers the potential of paid leave policies to intervene in this key life-course juncture and promote greater gender equality in paid and unpaid work. While previous research has examined the impact of paid leave policies on paid or unpaid work among mothers or fathers separately, this study provides an integrated framework and examines comprehensively how these benefits shape both mothers' and fathers' paid and unpaid work outcomes. I use data from the Current Population Survey 1990–2020 and the American Time Use Survey 2003–2019 and quasi-experimental differences-in-differences models to examine the impact of the introduction of paid leave policies in California and New Jersey. The results show that the policy increased mothers’ and fathers’ short-term time off from paid work after new births, increased mothers’ care work more than fathers’, and increased fathers’ housework more than mothers’. I call this pattern differentiated egalitarianism, denoting changes increasing men’s involvement in housework while simultaneously reproducing mothers’ primary caregiver role.

中文翻译：

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差异化的平等主义：带薪家事假政策对男女有偿和无偿工作的影响

新生儿的出生继续加剧不同性别夫妇的性别专业化。本研究考虑了带薪休假政策干预这一关键生命历程关头并促进有薪和无薪工作中更大程度的性别平等的潜力。虽然先前的研究已经分别研究了带薪休假政策对母亲或父亲带薪或无薪工作的影响，但本研究提供了一个综合框架，并全面检查了这些福利如何影响母亲和父亲的带薪和无薪工作成果。我使用来自 1990-2020 年当前人口调查和 2003-2019 年美国时间使用调查的数据以及准实验差异模型来检验加州和新泽西州引入带薪休假政策的影响。结果表明，该政策增加了母亲和父亲在新生儿后的短期休假时间，母亲的照顾工作比父亲多，父亲的家务劳动比母亲多。我将这种模式称为差异平均主义，表示增加男性参与家务的变化，同时再现母亲的主要照顾者角色。