Immune cell trafficking is a complex and tightly regulated process that is indispensable for the body’s fight against pathogens. However, it is also increasingly acknowledged that dysregulation of cell trafficking contributes to the pathogenesis of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) in gastroenterology and hepatology, such as inflammatory bowel disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Moreover, altered cell trafficking has also been implicated as a crucial step in the immunopathogenesis of other IMIDs, such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. Over the past few years, a central role of the gut in mediating these disorders has progressively emerged, and the partly microbiota-driven imprinting of particular cell trafficking phenotypes in the intestine seems to be crucially involved. Therefore, this Review highlights achievements in understanding immune cell trafficking to, within and from the intestine and delineates its consequences for immune-mediated pathology along the gut–liver, gut–joint and gut–brain axes. We also discuss implications for current and future therapeutic approaches that specifically interfere with homing, retention, egress and recirculation of immune cells.

免疫细胞运输是一个复杂且受到严格监管的过程，对于人体对抗病原体是必不可少的。然而，人们也越来越认识到，细胞运输失调会导致胃肠病学和肝病学中免疫介导的炎症性疾病 (IMID) 的发病机制，例如炎症性肠病和原发性硬化性胆管炎。此外，改变的细胞运输也被认为是其他 IMIDs（如类风湿性关节炎和多发性硬化症）免疫发病机制的关键步骤。在过去的几年里，肠道在调节这些疾病中的核心作用逐渐显现，肠道中特定细胞运输表型的部分微生物群驱动的印记似乎起着至关重要的作用。所以，这篇综述重点介绍了在理解免疫细胞向肠道、肠道内和从肠道运输方面取得的成就，并描述了其对沿肠-肝、肠-关节和肠-脑轴的免疫介导病理学的影响。我们还讨论了对当前和未来治疗方法的影响，这些方法专门干扰免疫细胞的归巢、保留、流出和再循环。