ABSTRACT

In January 1940, the British writer John Langdon-Davies travelled to Finland to report on the Winter War with the Soviet Union (November 1939–March 1940). On his return he wrote a book entitled Finland: the First Total War in which he proposed that it was the ability of the Finnish people to adapt to their environment that enabled the determined defence of their country from forces far greater in number and with superior armaments. His theme originated with the “military science,” as he put it, of collective defensive action that embraced the topography of Finland, its climate, and the skills evolved by life within it. He proposed that since its independence in 1917 and the subsequent civil war, Finland had been designed as a social democracy fit for purpose in its resilience to both political and military threat. Langdon-Davies considered Finnish modern architecture of the 1930s as part of a national strategy that embraced place, cooperation, and social wellbeing. He positioned architecture and design within interconnected military, social and economic contexts, as a kind of expanded functionalism both technical and poetic. This paper argues that Finland: the First Total War contributes to understandings of architecture as a protagonist in national defence.

摘要

1940 年 1 月，英国作家约翰·兰登-戴维斯前往芬兰报道与苏联的冬季战争（1939 年 11 月至 1940 年 3 月）。回国后，他写了一本书，名为《芬兰：第一次全面战争》他在其中提出，芬兰人民适应环境的能力使他们能够坚定地保卫自己的国家，使其免受人数众多且装备精良的军队的侵害。正如他所说，他的主题起源于“军事科学”，即集体防御行动，包括芬兰的地形、气候和生活所演变的技能。他提出，自 1917 年独立和随后的内战以来，芬兰一直被设计成一个社会民主国家，以适应其对政治和军事威胁的复原力。Langdon-Davies 将 1930 年代的芬兰现代建筑视为包含地方、合作和社会福祉的国家战略的一部分。他将建筑和设计置于相互关联的军事、社会和经济环境中，作为一种技术和诗意的扩展功能主义。本文认为芬兰：第一次全面战争有助于将建筑理解为国防的主角。