ABSTRACT

The present study utilized earth observation Sentinel5P TROPOMI (TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument) data for monitoring submarine volcanic activities. The world has seen a sequence of abrupt volcanic eruptions within one-month duration i.e., on 20^th December 2021, 13^th January 2022 and 15^th January 2022. This caused the emissions of natural gaseous pollutants such as Sulphur Dioxide (SO₂), Hydrogen Sulphide (H₂S) and ash particles. Atmospheric SO₂, AAI (Absorbing Aerosol Index) and Cloud fraction data are retrieved from the TROPOMI onboard the Copernicus Sentinel5P European Space Agency satellite. Results confirmed the increased concentration of SO₂ column density after 20th December, and it was observed to be 0.002 mol/m², the highest concentration during the period of study. Generally, SO₂ concentration stays within 0.001 mol/m² or less. Concentration was seen increasing after the first eruption and reached maximum after 15^th January 2022 eruption to a level up to 0.002 mol/m². Similar outcomes were observed for AAI for the chosen site. AAI values increased to 25,000 fold (AAI values of 1.25) during the first eruption and increased to 29,000 fold on 15^th January 2022 after eruptions (AAI values of 1.45) as compared AAI values of 0.005 or negative AAI values before eruptions. A cloud fraction of value 1 is observed during this time, along with the top most cloud height at 14,233.16 m (14.23 kms) above the crater of the volcano (maximum estimation limit by S5P). These values are higher as compared to isolated islands, as there are no other sources of emissions at surrounding environment. The outcomes support the role of Earth Observation datasets for disaster monitoring and management plans for mitigation.

摘要

本研究利用地球观测 Sentinel5P TROPOMI（对流层监测仪器）数据来监测海底火山活动。世界在一个月内发生了一系列突然的火山喷发，即2021 年 12 月20^{日、2022 年 1 月 13日}和 2022 年 1 月 15^日。这导致了二氧化硫 (SO ₂ ) 等天然气污染物的排放，硫化氢 (H ₂ S) 和灰粒。从哥白尼 Sentinel5P 欧洲航天局卫星上的 TROPOMI 检索大气 SO _{2 、AAI（吸收气溶胶指数）和云分数数据。结果证实 SO 2}浓度增加12月20日以后的柱密度，观察到0.002 mol/m ²，是研究期间的最高浓度。SO ₂浓度一般在0.001mol/m ²以下。第一次喷发后浓度有所增加，并在 2022 年 1 月 15^日喷发后达到最大值，最高可达 0.002 mol/m ²。对所选站点的 AAI 观察到了类似的结果。AAI 值在第一次喷发期间增加到 25,000 倍（AAI 值为 1.25），在第 15^{日增加到 29,000 倍}2022 年 1 月喷发后（AAI 值为 1.45）与喷发前的 AAI 值为 0.005 或负 AAI 值进行比较。在此期间观测到的云分数为 1，最高云高位于火山口上方 14,233.16 米（14.23 公里）处（S5P 的最大估计限制）。与孤立的岛屿相比，这些值更高，因为周围环境没有其他排放源。结果支持地球观测数据集在灾害监测和缓解管理计划中的作用。