Variation among populations in life history and intrinsic population characteristics (i.e., population diversity) helps maintain resilience to environmental change and dampen interannual variability in ecosystem services. As a result, ecological variation, and the processes that generate it, is considered central to strategies for managing risks to ecosystems in an increasingly variable and uncertain world. However, characterizing population diversity is difficult, particularly in large and remote regions, which often prevents its formal consideration in management advice. We combined genetic stock identification of archived scale and tissue samples with state-space run-reconstruction models to estimate migration timing and annual return abundance for eight geographically and genetically distinct Chinook salmon populations within the Canadian portion of the Yukon River. We found that among-population variation in migration timing and return abundances resulted in aggregate return migrations that were 2.1 times longer and 1.4 times more stable than if they had composed a single homogeneous population. We then fit state-space spawner–recruitment models to the annual return abundances to characterize among-population diversity in intrinsic productivity and population size and their consequences for the fisheries they support. Productivity and carrying capacity varied among populations by approximately 2.4-fold (2.9 to 6.9 recruits per spawner) and three-fold (8800 to 27,000 spawners), respectively. This diversity implies an equilibrium trade-off between harvesting of the population aggregate and the conservation of individual populations whereby the harvest rate predicted to maximize aggregate harvests comes at the cost of overfishing ~40% of the populations but with a relatively low risk of extirpating the weakest ones. Our findings illustrate how population diversity in one of the largest salmon-producing river basins in the world contributes to fishery stability and food security in a region where salmon have high cultural and subsistence value. More generally, our work demonstrates the utility of molecular analyses of archived biological material for characterizing diversity in biological systems and its benefits and consequences for trade-offs in decision-making.

中文翻译：

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奇努克鲑鱼的多样性有助于渔业的稳定和与混合种群收获的权衡

种群在生活史和内在种群特征（即种群多样性）上的差异有助于保持对环境变化的适应力并抑制生态系统服务的年际变化。因此，生态变异及其产生过程被认为是在日益多变和不确定的世界中管理生态系统风险战略的核心。然而，描述人口多样性的特征是困难的，特别是在大而偏远的地区，这往往妨碍了在管理建议中对其进行正式考虑。我们将存档规模和组织样本的遗传种群鉴定与状态空间运行重建模型相结合，以估计育空河加拿大部分内八个地理和遗传上不同的奇努克鲑鱼种群的迁徙时间和年回归丰度。我们发现，迁移时间和返回丰度的种群间差异导致总返回迁移时间比组成单个同质种群的时间长 2.1 倍，稳定性高 1.4 倍。然后，我们将状态空间产卵者-招募模型与年度回报丰度相匹配，以表征种群间内在生产力和种群规模的多样性及其对它们所支持的渔业的影响。不同种群的生产力和承载能力相差约 2.4 倍 (2. 每个产卵者 9 到 6.9 个新兵）和三倍（8800 到 27,000 个产卵者）。这种多样性意味着种群总量的捕捞与个体种群的保护之间的平衡权衡，据此，预计使总产量最大化的捕捞率是以过度捕捞约 40% 的种群为代价的，但灭绝的风险相对较低最弱的。我们的研究结果说明了世界上最大的鲑鱼生产河流流域之一的人口多样性如何有助于鲑鱼具有高文化和生存价值的地区的渔业稳定性和粮食安全。更普遍，