Recent studies of genocide have yielded varying estimates of the number and characteristics of people who engaged in violence. We address these disparities in estimates for one well-studied case: the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. Using novel data from Rwanda’s post-genocide gacaca courts, we provide updated estimates regarding participants. Specifically, we find that between 847,233 and 888,307 people participated in the genocide, with 181,280 to 190,113 people found guilty of only violent offenses, 618,164 to 654,152 individuals found guilty of only property crimes, and 44,042 to 47,789 individuals found guilty of both property and violent crimes. In total, we estimate that between 229,069 and 234,155 individuals were found guilty of a violent offense, including those who committed violent offenses as well as both violent and property offenses. These results align with past research, representing an important convergence of evidence regarding participation in this genocide. We also calculate specific characteristics of participants, finding that nearly 90% of all participants were men and that the median age for all participants was 34. Although most participants committed a single crime, between 215,124 and 222,522 people were found guilty of multiple crimes. Approximately 6% of people accounted for 25% of the property crimes, while 11% of people accounted for 25% of the violent crimes. These findings provide foundational information about one of the deadliest episodes of mass violence in the 20th century.

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分析参与 1994 年卢旺达大屠杀

最近对种族灭绝的研究对参与暴力的人的数量和特征产生了不同的估计。我们在一个经过充分研究的案例中解决了这些估计差异：1994 年卢旺达的种族灭绝。使用来自卢旺达种族灭绝后加卡卡的新数据法院，我们提供有关参与者的最新估计。具体而言，我们发现有 847,233 至 888,307 人参与了种族灭绝，其中 181,280 至 190,113 人被判仅犯有暴力罪行，618,164 至 654,152 人被判仅犯有财产罪，44,042 至 47,789 人被判犯有财产罪和暴力罪犯罪。总的来说，我们估计有 229,069 至 234,155 人被判犯有暴力罪行，包括那些犯有暴力罪行以及暴力和财产罪行的人。这些结果与过去的研究一致，代表了有关参与这场种族灭绝的重要证据。我们还计算参与者的具体特征，发现近 90% 的参与者是男性，所有参与者的中位年龄为 34 岁。尽管大多数参与者犯下了单一罪行，但仍有 215,124 至 222,522 人被判犯有多项罪行。大约6%的人占25%的财产犯罪，而11%的人占25%的暴力犯罪。这些发现提供了有关 20 世纪最致命的大规模暴力事件之一的基础信息。