Humans are potentially exposed to a large amount of chemicals present in the environment and in the workplace. In the European Human Biomonitoring initiative (Human Biomonitoring for the European Union = HBM4EU), acrylamide, mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1), diisocyanates (4,4′-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate, 2,4- and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate), and pyrethroids were included among the prioritized chemicals of concern for human health. For the present literature review, the analytical methods used in worldwide biomonitoring studies for these compounds were collected and presented in comprehensive tables, including the following parameter: determined biomarker, matrix, sample amount, work-up procedure, available laboratory quality assurance and quality assessment information, analytical techniques, and limit of detection. Based on the data presented in these tables, the most suitable methods were recommended. According to the paradigm of biomonitoring, the information about two different biomarkers of exposure was evaluated: a) internal dose = parent compounds and metabolites in urine and blood; and b) the biologically effective = dose measured as blood protein adducts. Urine was the preferred matrix used for deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1, and pyrethroids (biomarkers of internal dose). Markers of the biological effective dose were determined as hemoglobin adducts for diisocyanates and acrylamide, and as serum-albumin-adducts of aflatoxin B1 and diisocyanates. The analyses and quantitation of the protein adducts in blood or the metabolites in urine were mostly performed with LC-MS/MS or GC-MS in the presence of isotope-labeled internal standards. This review also addresses the critical aspects of the application, use and selection of biomarkers. For future biomonitoring studies, a more comprehensive approach is discussed to broaden the selection of compounds.

人类可能会接触到环境和工作场所中存在的大量化学物质。在欧洲人类生物监测倡议（欧盟人类生物监测 = HBM4EU）中，丙烯酰胺、霉菌毒素（黄曲霉毒素 B1、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、伏马菌素 B1）、二异氰酸酯（4,4'-亚甲基二苯二异氰酸酯、2,4- 和 2,6-甲苯二异氰酸酯）和拟除虫菊酯被列为与人类健康有关的优先化学品。对于目前的文献综述，收集了这些化合物在全球生物监测研究中使用的分析方法，并以综合表格形式呈现，包括以下参数：确定的生物标志物、基质、样品量、后处理程序、可用的实验室质量保证和质量评估信息、分析技术和检测限。根据这些表格中提供的数据，推荐了最合适的方法。根据生物监测范式，评估了两种不同的暴露生物标志物的信息： a) 内部剂量 = 尿液和血液中的母体化合物和代谢物；b) 生物有效 = 以血液蛋白加合物测量的剂量。尿液是脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、伏马菌素 B1 和拟除虫菊酯（内服剂量的生物标志物）的首选基质。生物有效剂量的标志物被确定为二异氰酸酯和丙烯酰胺的血红蛋白加合物，以及黄曲霉毒素 B1 和二异氰酸酯的血清白蛋白加合物。血液中的蛋白质加合物或尿液中的代谢物的分析和定量大多采用 LC-MS/MS 或 GC-MS 在同位素标记的内标存在下进行。本综述还讨论了生物标志物的应用、使用和选择的关键方面。对于未来的生物监测研究，将讨论一种更全面的方法来扩大化合物的选择范围。