Lithium metal is considered as the ‘sharp blade’ to break through the limitation on energy density of lithium batteries. However, uneven plating of lithium metal during charge/discharge process causes serious safety hazards. Here, a carbon-based 3D skeleton (CC@Co-NCNTs) with Co nanocrystals anchored N-containing carbon nanotubes (Co-NCNTs) was constructed to induce the uniform lithium plating towards dendrite-free lithium metal batteries. The Co-NCNTs in the skeleton exhibit enhanced lithophilicity, supplying abundant nucleation sites. Moreover, the ingenious hierarchical structure reconstructs the current density distribution, promoting the uniform lithium plating. Particularly, the electrons from the Co nanocrystals are transferred to the surface of Co-NCNTs, which offers a dynamic charge distribution on the surface of the skeleton along with the plating of lithium ions during the charge-discharge process, thus modulating uniform lithium plating on the Co-NCNTs skeleton. The above-mentioned mechanism is further verified by first-principle calculations and multi-physical field simulation. Thus, the CC@Co-NCNTs@Li symmetric cell presents a long-term cyclic stability (over 1300 h) at a high current density of 40 mA cm⁻². The CC@Co-NCNTs@Li/LiFePO₄ cell still delivers a discharge capacity of 135 mAh g⁻¹ at 1 C after 500 cycles. This work provides new insights to the study of functional skeletons for dendrite-free lithium batteries.

金属锂被认为是突破锂电池能量密度限制的“利刃”。然而，在充放电过程中锂金属镀层不均匀会造成严重的安全隐患。在这里，构建了一种碳基 3D 骨架（CC@Co-NCNTs），其中 Co 纳米晶体锚定了含氮碳纳米管（Co-NCNTs），以诱导向无枝晶锂金属电池的均匀锂镀层。骨架中的 Co-NCNTs 表现出增强的亲石性，提供了丰富的成核位点。此外，巧妙的分层结构重构了电流密度分布，促进了均匀的锂电镀。特别是，来自 Co 纳米晶体的电子转移到 Co-NCNTs 的表面，在充放电过程中，它在骨架表面提供动态电荷分布以及锂离子的镀层，从而调节 Co-NCNTs 骨架上的均匀锂镀层。通过第一性原理计算和多物理场模拟进一步验证了上述机制。因此，CC@Co-NCNTs@Li 对称电池在 40 mA cm 的高电流密度下表现出长期循环稳定性（超过 1300 h）^-2。CC@Co-NCNTs@Li/LiFePO ₄电池在 1 C 循环 500 次后仍能提供 135 mAh g ^{-1的放电容量。}这项工作为无枝晶锂电池功能骨架的研究提供了新的见解。