The iron and steel industries are major players in economic development, however, pose a challenge to the environment due to the huge emission of greenhouse gases. Further, the depletion of fossil fuels makes a way for renewable energy sources. In this direction, biomass sources including agricultural wastes appear to be one of the alternatives to address the above challenges of fossil fuel scarcity and greenhouse gases. The lignocellulose biomasses are rich in carbon contents (39–57%). The agricultural wastes are being converted to biochar, bio-oil and syngas through thermochemical conversion to enhance heating values and fuel properties and applied to different plants in the iron and steel industries. The present review systematically focuses on smart technologies based on renewable energy concepts and waste heat recovery. The potential and scope of renewable biomasses to be utilized in the iron and steel making industries are deliberated. The characteristics of biomasses and their thermochemical conversion into value-added fuels are described. The concepts of waste heat recovery from the different sections of steelmaking processes for this conversion are outlined. The thermochemical conversion of biomass occurs at a temperature below 1000 °C while the steelmaking takes place above 1200 °C, which indicates the feasibility of efficient waste heat recovery. The recent developments toward the partial or complete substitution of fossil fuels with biomass-based renewable fuels in different steelmaking processes are discussed. Charcoal is a suitable replacement in the oxygen route of steel making, while biomass, charcoal and syngas are potential alternatives in the electric route. The implications of renewable sources as fuels towards emissions of greenhouse gases are emphasized. The replacement of fossil fuels with renewable biomass reduces CO₂ emissions by 20–80%. The effective utilization of agricultural wastes also positively contributes to the local economy.

钢铁行业是经济发展的主要参与者，但由于温室气体排放量巨大，对环境提出了挑战。此外，化石燃料的消耗为可再生能源开辟了道路。在这个方向上，包括农业废物在内的生物质来源似乎是解决上述化石燃料稀缺和温室气体挑战的替代方案之一。木质纤维素生物质富含碳（39-57%）。农业废弃物正在通过热化学转化转化为生物炭、生物油和合成气，以提高热值和燃料特性，并应用于钢铁行业的不同工厂。本综述系统地关注基于可再生能源概念和废热回收的智能技术。讨论了可再生生物质在钢铁制造行业中的潜力和范围。描述了生物质的特性及其热化学转化为增值燃料。概述了从炼钢过程的不同部分回收废热以进行这种转换的概念。生物质的热化学转化发生在低于 1000°C 的温度，而炼钢发生在高于 1200°C 的温度，这表明了可行性高效的余热回收。讨论了在不同炼钢过程中用生物质基可再生燃料部分或完全替代化石燃料的最新进展。木炭是炼钢氧气路线的合适替代品，而生物质、木炭和合成气是电力路线中的潜在替代品。强调了可再生资源作为燃料对温室气体排放的影响。用可再生生物质替代化石燃料可将 CO ₂排放量减少 20-80%。农业废弃物的有效利用也为当地经济做出了积极贡献。