Blockchain and the internet of things (IoT) have accelerated e-commerce growth and empowered online businesses to create value even in a globally competitive environment. The goal of this study is to develop a framework for the virtual closed-loop supply chain (VCLSC) that is based on novel blockchain and IoT technologies, as well as the concepts of sustainability and circular economy. This study integrates the normal and virtual supply chains into a single framework. To maximise the total expected revenue (TER) from the VCLSC, the costs of getting raw materials and parts, transporting them with a carbon emission tax, handling, processing, and making final products, refurbishing, recycling, and virtualization are all taken into account. These include running blockchain and IoT facilities, buying RFID tags, ensuring security, and storing data in blockchain in a way that cannot be changed. The above costs are captured in a single mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP) model. The main objective is to maximise the TER by minimising the cost of the VCLSC network. For the solution purposes, the global solver in LINGO 19 software package is used. The obtained results and performed sensitivity analysis are used to make some implications for business organisations and government administrators to create some important policies in favour of the environment, end-users, and the development of the organisation along with the nation.

区块链和物联网 (IoT) 加速了电子商务的增长，使在线企业即使在全球竞争的环境中也能创造价值。本研究的目标是开发一个基于新型区块链和物联网技术以及可持续性和循环经济概念的虚拟闭环供应链 (VCLSC) 框架。本研究将正常和虚拟供应链整合到一个框架中。为了使 VCLSC 的总预期收入 (TER) 最大化，获取原材料和零件、使用碳排放税运输它们、处理、加工和制造最终产品、翻新、回收和虚拟化的成本都被考虑在内. 其中包括运行区块链和物联网设施、购买 RFID 标签、确保安全、并以无法更改的方式将数据存储在区块链中。上述成本在单个混合整数非线性规划 (MINLP) 模型中得到体现。主要目标是通过最小化 VCLSC 网络的成本来最大化 TER。出于求解目的，使用了 LINGO 19 软件包中的全局求解器。获得的结果和执行的敏感性分析用于对商业组织和政府管理人员制定一些有利于环境、最终用户和组织与国家一起发展的重要政策。使用 LINGO 19 软件包中的全局求解器。获得的结果和执行的敏感性分析用于对商业组织和政府管理人员制定一些有利于环境、最终用户和组织与国家一起发展的重要政策。使用 LINGO 19 软件包中的全局求解器。获得的结果和执行的敏感性分析用于对商业组织和政府管理人员制定一些有利于环境、最终用户和组织与国家一起发展的重要政策。