Diversification of smallholder rice-based cropping systems has the potential to increase cropping system intensity and boost food security. However, impacts on resource use efficiencies (e.g., nutrients, energy, and labor) remain poorly understood, highlighting the need to quantify synergies and trade-offs among different sustainability indicators under on-farm conditions. In southern coastal Bangladesh, aman season rice is characterized by low inputs and low productivity. We evaluated the farm-level impacts of cropping system intensification (adding irrigated boro season rice) and diversification (adding chili, groundnut, mungbean, or lathyrus) on seven performance indicators (rice equivalent yield, energy efficiency, partial nitrogen productivity, partial potassium productivity, partial greenhouse gas footprint, benefit-cost ratio, and hired labor energy productivity) based on a comprehensive survey of 501 households. Indicators were combined into a multi-criteria performance index, and their scope for improvement was calculated by comparing an individual farmer’s performance to top-performing farmers (highest 20%). Results indicate that the baseline system (single-crop aman season rice) was the least productive, while double cropped systems increased rice equivalent yield 72–217%. Despite gains in productivity, higher cropping intensity reduced resource use efficiencies due to higher inputs of fertilizer and energy, which also increased production costs, particularly for boro season rice. However, trade-offs were smaller for diversified systems including legumes, largely owing to lower N fertilizer inputs. Aman season rice had the highest multi-criteria performance index, followed by systems with mungbean and lathyrus, indicating the latter are promising options to boost food production and profitability without compromising sustainability. Large gaps between individual and top-performing farmers existed for each indicator, suggesting significant scope for improvement. By targeting indicators contributing most to the multi-criteria performance index (partial nitrogen productivity, energy efficiency, hired labor energy productivity), results suggest further sustainability gains can be achieved through future field research studies focused on optimizing management within diversified systems.

以稻米为基础的小农种植系统的多样化有可能增加种植系统的强度并促进粮食安全。然而，对资源利用效率（例如，养分、能源和劳动力）的影响仍然知之甚少，突出了量化农场条件下不同可持续性指标之间的协同作用和权衡取舍的必要性。在孟加拉国南部沿海地区，阿曼季稻的特点是投入少、生产力低。我们评估了种植系统集约化对农场层面的影响（添加灌溉硼季节大米）和多样化（添加辣椒、花生、绿豆或香豆）七项绩效指标（水稻当量产量、能源效率、部分氮生产力、部分钾生产力、部分温室气体足迹、效益成本比和雇佣劳动力能源生产力）基于对 501 个家庭的综合调查。将指标组合成一个多标准绩效指数，通过将单个农民的绩效与表现最好的农民（最高 20%）进行比较来计算其改进范围。结果表明，基线系统（单作物季稻）产量最低，而双季稻系统使稻米当量产量提高了 72-217%。尽管生产力有所提高，但由于肥料和能源投入的增加，较高的种植强度降低了资源利用效率，这也增加了生产成本，特别是对于硼季稻而言。然而，包括豆类在内的多样化系统的权衡较小，这主要是由于氮肥投入较低。阿曼季节稻米的多标准性能指数最高，其次是绿豆和香豆系统，表明后者是在不影响可持续性的情况下提高粮食产量和盈利能力的有希望的选择。在每个指标上，个体农民和表现最好的农民之间存在很大差距，这表明有很大的改进空间。通过针对对多标准绩效指数贡献最大的指标（部分氮生产力、能源效率、雇佣劳动力能源生产力），结果表明，通过未来专注于优化多样化系统内的管理的实地研究，可以实现进一步的可持续性收益。