Breast cancer (BC) is known to be a highly heterogeneous disease that is clinically subdivided into four primary molecular subtypes, each having distinct morphology and clinical implications. These subtypes are principally defined by hormone receptors and other proteins involved (or not involved) in BC development. BC therapeutic vaccines [including peptide-based vaccines, protein-based vaccines, nucleic acid-based vaccines (DNA/RNA vaccines), bacterial/viral-based vaccines, and different immune cell-based vaccines] have emerged as an appealing class of cancer immunotherapeutics when used alone or combined with other immunotherapies. Employing the immune system to eliminate BC cells is a novel therapeutic modality. The benefit of active immunotherapies is that they develop protection against neoplastic tissue and readjust the immune system to an anti-tumor monitoring state. Such immunovaccines have not yet shown effectiveness for BC treatment in clinical trials. In recent years, nanomedicines have opened new windows to increase the effectiveness of vaccinations to treat BC. In this context, some nanoplatforms have been designed to efficiently deliver molecular, cellular, or subcellular vaccines to BC cells, increasing the efficacy and persistence of anti-tumor immunity while minimizing undesirable side effects. Immunostimulatory nano-adjuvants, liposomal-based vaccines, polymeric vaccines, virus-like particles, lipid/calcium/phosphate nanoparticles, chitosan-derived nanostructures, porous silicon microparticles, and selenium nanoparticles are among the newly designed nanostructures that have been used to facilitate antigen internalization and presentation by antigen-presenting cells, increase antigen stability, enhance vaccine antigenicity and remedial effectivity, promote antigen escape from the endosome, improve cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses, and produce humoral immune responses in BC cells. Here, we summarized the existing subtypes of BC and shed light on immunomodulatory and nano-therapeutic strategies for BC vaccination. Finally, we reviewed ongoing clinical trials on BC vaccination and highlighted near-term opportunities for moving forward.

众所周知，乳腺癌 (BC) 是一种高度异质性的疾病，临床上可细分为四种主要分子亚型，每种亚型具有不同的形态和临床意义。这些亚型主要由激素受体和其他参与（或不参与）BC 发育的蛋白质定义。BC 治疗性疫苗 [包括基于肽的疫苗、基于蛋白质的疫苗、基于核酸的疫苗（DNA/RNA 疫苗）、基于细菌/病毒的疫苗和基于不同免疫细胞的疫苗] 已成为一类具有吸引力的癌症单独使用或与其他免疫疗法联合使用时的免疫疗法。利用免疫系统消除 BC 细胞是一种新的治疗方式。主动免疫疗法的好处是它们可以对肿瘤组织产生保护作用，并将免疫系统重新调整到抗肿瘤监测状态。此类免疫疫苗尚未在临床试验中显示出对 BC 治疗的有效性。近年来，纳米药物为提高疫苗治疗 BC 的有效性打开了新的窗口。在这种情况下，一些纳米平台被设计用于有效地将分子、细胞或亚细胞疫苗递送至 BC 细胞，提高抗肿瘤免疫的功效和持久性，同时最大限度地减少不良副作用。免疫刺激性纳米佐剂、基于脂质体的疫苗、聚合物疫苗、病毒样颗粒、脂质/钙/磷酸盐纳米颗粒、壳聚糖衍生纳米结构、多孔硅微粒、硒纳米颗粒是新设计的纳米结构之一，它们已用于促进抗原呈递细胞的抗原内化和呈递，增加抗原稳定性，增强疫苗抗原性和治疗效果，促进抗原从内体逃逸，改善细胞毒性 T 淋巴细胞反应，以及在 BC 细胞中产生体液免疫反应。在这里，我们总结了现有的 BC 亚型，并阐明了 BC 疫苗接种的免疫调节和纳米治疗策略。最后，我们回顾了正在进行的 BC 疫苗接种临床试验，并强调了近期向前发展的机会。增强疫苗抗原性和治疗效果，促进抗原从内体逃逸，改善细胞毒性 T 淋巴细胞反应，并在 BC 细胞中产生体液免疫反应。在这里，我们总结了现有的 BC 亚型，并阐明了 BC 疫苗接种的免疫调节和纳米治疗策略。最后，我们回顾了正在进行的 BC 疫苗接种临床试验，并强调了近期向前发展的机会。增强疫苗抗原性和治疗效果，促进抗原从内体逃逸，改善细胞毒性 T 淋巴细胞反应，并在 BC 细胞中产生体液免疫反应。在这里，我们总结了现有的 BC 亚型，并阐明了 BC 疫苗接种的免疫调节和纳米治疗策略。最后，我们回顾了正在进行的 BC 疫苗接种临床试验，并强调了近期向前发展的机会。