For the task of estimating a target benchmark dose such as the ED50 (the dose that would be effective for half the population), an adaptive dose-finding design is more effective than the standard approach of treating equal numbers of patients at a set of equally spaced doses. Up-and-down is the most popular family of dose-finding designs and is in common use in anesthesiology. Despite its widespread use, many aspects of up-and-down are not well known, implementation is often misguided, and standard, up-to-date reference material about the design is very limited. This article provides an overview of up-and-down properties, recent methodologic developments, and practical recommendations, illustrated with the help of simulated examples. Additional reference material is offered in the Supplemental Digital Content.

中文翻译：

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了解研究方法：剂量测定的上下设计。

对于估计目标基准剂量的任务，例如 ED50（对一半人口有效的剂量），自适应剂量寻找设计比在一组同等数量的患者中治疗相同数量的患者的标准方法更有效间隔剂量。上下是最流行的剂量寻找设计系列，在麻醉学中很常见。尽管它被广泛使用，但上下的许多方面并不为人所知，实施经常被误导，关于设计的标准、最新的参考资料非常有限。本文概述了上下属性、最近的方法学发展和实用建议，并借助模拟示例进行了说明。补充数字内容中提供了其他参考材料。