Immunotherapy has made a significant impact in many tumors, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). RCC has been known to be immunoresponsive since the cytokine era of IFNα and IL2, but only a small number of patients had durable clinical benefit. Since then, discoveries of key tumor drivers, as well as an understanding of the contribution of angiogenesis and the tumor microenvironment (TME), has led to advances in drug development, ultimately transforming patient outcomes. Combinations of anti-angiogenic agents with immune checkpoint inhibitors are now standard of care. Current challenges include patient selection for immunotherapy combinations, resistance acquisition, and optimally sequencing therapies. Further discoveries about RCC biology, the TME, and resistance mechanisms will likely pave the way for the next generation of therapies.

中文翻译：

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肾细胞癌免疫治疗的事实和希望


免疫疗法对许多肿瘤产生了重大影响，包括肾细胞癌（RCC）。自 IFNα 和 IL2 的细胞因子时代以来，RCC 就被认为具有免疫反应性，但只有少数患者具有持久的临床获益。从那时起，关键肿瘤驱动因素的发现，以及对血管生成和肿瘤微环境 (TME) 贡献的了解，推动了药物开发的进步，最终改变了患者的治疗结果。抗血管生成药物与免疫检查点抑制剂的组合现已成为标准治疗方法。当前的挑战包括免疫疗法组合的患者选择、耐药性获取和最佳测序疗法。关于 RCC 生物学、TME 和耐药机制的进一步发现可能会为下一代疗法铺平道路。