Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) expression is a potential biomarker for the diagnosis, risk stratification, and prognosis of various cardiovascular diseases. A sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor was constructed using amine-modified graphene-supported gold nanorods (NG/AuNPs) as a substrate platform and the durian-shaped MoS₂/AuPtPd nanodendrite (NDs) as a label for secondary antibodies (Ab₂) for the quantification of GDF-15. NG/AuNPs were used to increase the surface area of electrodes and immobilize primary antibodies (Ab₁). The MoS₂/AuPtPd NDs have a unique morphology with a high crystal surface index and good stability, ability to load secondary Ab (Ab₂), and provide a larger active site for the catalysis of H₂O₂. In a clinical sample experiment, tissue sections were subjected to immunohistochemical analyses and western blotting. To demonstrate the feasibility of the immunosensor in realistic applications, we compared the performance of the immunosensor and a GDF-15 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit by analyzing clinical human blood samples. As demonstrated by its remarkable performance throughout the study, the devised immunosensor may be a reliable and practical “liquid biopsy” tool for the serological detection of GDF-15. It has the potential to facilitate the early diagnosis and subsequent treatment of patients with cardiovascular disease.

生长分化因子 15 (GDF-15) 表达是各种心血管疾病诊断、风险分层和预后的潜在生物标志物。以胺修饰的石墨烯负载的金纳米棒（NG/AuNPs）为基底平台，榴莲形的MoS ₂ /AuPtPd纳米枝晶（NDs）作为二抗（Ab ₂）的标记，构建了一种三明治型电化学免疫传感器。 GDF-15的量化。NG/AuNPs 用于增加电极的表面积和固定一抗 (Ab ₁ )。MoS ₂ /AuPtPd NDs 具有独特的形貌，具有高晶面指数和良好的稳定性，能够负载二次 Ab (Ab _{2)，并为 H 2} O ₂的催化提供更大的活性位点。在临床样品实验中，对组织切片进行免疫组织化学分析和蛋白质印迹。为了证明免疫传感器在实际应用中的可行性，我们通过分析临床人体血液样本比较了免疫传感器和 GDF-15 酶联免疫吸附测定 (ELISA) 试剂盒的性能。正如其在整个研究中的卓越表现所证明的那样，所设计的免疫传感器可能是一种可靠且实用的“液体活检”工具，用于 GDF-15 的血清学检测。它有可能促进心血管疾病患者的早期诊断和后续治疗。