Agricultural N₂O emission is a growing concern for climate change. Recent field evidence suggests that non-growing seasons (NGS) may contribute one-third to half of the annual N₂O emissions, but implications on management adaptations remain unclear. Here we used an advanced process-based model, ecosys, to investigate the magnitude and drivers of NGS N₂O emissions from the US Midwest. Results showed that simulated NGS N₂O emissions accounted for 6–60% of the annual fluxes under continuous corn systems, peaking in counties with NGS precipitation (P_NGS) around 300 mm. Divergent patterns of spatial-temporal correlations between NGS N₂O emissions and environmental variables were shown in the southeast (P_NGS > 300 mm) and the northwest (P_NGS < 300 mm) of the study area by simulations. Causal analysis indicates that more intensive freezing caused by decreased air temperature (T_a) is the dominant driver that leads to NGS N₂O emissions increasing within the southeast of the study area, while increased P_NGS and increased T_a cooperatively result in soil moisture decreasing at soil thaws that enhances NGS N₂O production within the northwest of the study area. Scenario simulations suggest that annual N₂O emissions in the US Midwest are likely to reduce under climate change primarily due to the reduction of NGS N₂O emissions. Our estimates on monetized social benefits inform the necessity to implement spatial-specific mitigation strategies, i.e. determining fertilizer timing and use of nitrification inhibitors (NI). Spring fertilizer application is more beneficial than fall fertilizer application for most counties, however, the latter can bring extra benefits to some counties in the west of the study area. Introducing NI with either spring or fall applications can greatly increase social benefits by reducing N₂O emissions and N leaching. This study addresses possibly effective adaptations by providing seasonal- and spatial-explicit mitigation potentials.

农业 N ₂ O 排放是对气候变化的日益关注。_{最近的实地证据表明，非生长季节 (NGS) 可能贡献了年 N 2} O 排放量的三分之一到一半，但对管理适应的影响仍不清楚。在这里，我们使用基于流程的先进模型ecosys来调查美国中西部 NGS N ₂ O 排放的量级和驱动因素。结果表明，模拟的 NGS N ₂ O 排放量占连续玉米系统年通量的 6-60%，在 NGS 降水 (P _NGS ) 约 300 mm 的县达到峰值。_{NGS N 2}之间时空相关性的不同模式通过模拟显示研究区东南部（P _NGS > 300 mm）和西北部（P _{NGS < 300 mm）的O排放和环境变量。}因果分析表明，气温下降（T _{a ）引起的更强烈的冻结是导致研究区东南部 NGS N 2} O 排放增加的主要驱动因素，而 P _NGS的增加和 T _{a 的}增加共同导致土壤水分在研究区域西北部增加 NGS N _{2 O 产量的土壤解冻时减少。}情景模拟表明，每年 N ₂在气候变化下，美国中西部的 O 排放量可能会减少，这主要是由于 NGS N ₂ O 排放量的减少。我们对货币化社会效益的估计表明实施特定空间缓解策略的必要性，即确定施肥时间和硝化抑制剂 (NI) 的使用。春季施肥对大多数县来说比秋季施肥更有利，但后者可以为研究区西部的一些县带来额外的好处。_{在春季或秋季应用中引入 NI 可以通过减少 N 2} O 排放和 N 浸出大大增加社会效益。本研究通过提供季节性和空间显式缓解潜力来解决可能的有效适应问题。