Remyelination is the regenerative process by which lost myelin sheaths are restored to demyelinated axons. It is a key target in the treatment of chronic demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS), in which inflammation results in destruction of myelin. In the central nervous system (CNS), remyelination typically requires the differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) into the myelinating oligodendrocytes (OL). Following successes in preclinical studies, several putative pro-regenerative therapies aimed at enhancing remyelination are under clinical investigation. However, there is a translational barrier in identifying successful outcomes: preclinical measures of remyelination do not translate well to clinical studies, and the paraclinical measures currently deployed in trials are challenging to apply to small rodent models of remyelination. Here, we describe the current approaches to identifying remyelination both in preclinical and clinical settings and highlight exciting translational candidates, which may help to bridge the current impasse.

髓鞘再生是失去髓鞘的再生过程，通过该过程将失去的髓鞘恢复为脱髓鞘的轴突。它是治疗慢性脱髓鞘疾病（如多发性硬化症 (MS)）的关键靶点，其中炎症导致髓鞘破坏。在中枢神经系统 (CNS) 中，髓鞘再生通常需要将少突胶质祖细胞 (OPCs) 分化为有髓鞘的少突胶质细胞 (OL)。在临床前研究取得成功之后，一些旨在增强髓鞘再生的假定促再生疗法正在临床研究中。然而，在确定成功结果方面存在转化障碍：髓鞘再生的临床前测量不能很好地转化为临床研究，目前在试验中部署的临床旁措施很难应用于小型啮齿动物的髓鞘再生模型。在这里，我们描述了当前在临床前和临床环境中识别髓鞘再生的方法，并强调了令人兴奋的转化候选者，这可能有助于弥合当前的僵局。