Increases in last-mile transport contribute to congestion and pollution in urban environments. To make deliveries more sustainable, they may be integrated with existing public transport infrastructure, e.g., metros or trams. This integration can rely on alternative operational modes: shared infrastructure lets passenger and cargo vehicles share the same rail network, whereas shared vehicles simultaneously transport cargo and passengers.

To explore the effects of integrated planning under different operational modes, we introduce a linear mixed-integer program that optimises the train schedule and allocates cargo. It features a lexicographical objective function that prioritises passenger transport while minimising cargo delivery delay. We analyse the interplay of operational modes, scheduling solutions, and demand settings in a simulation study.The results show that a well-planned train schedule significantly contributes to service quality and reduces the system’s sensitivity to increasing freight demand. Furthermore, a system with shared vehicles is more robust towards fluctuating demand, whereas a system with only shared infrastructure is a valid option to allow a high dwell time for freight vehicles.

最后一英里交通的增加导致城市环境的拥堵和污染。为了使交付更具可持续性，它们可以与现有的公共交通基础设施相结合，例如地铁或电车。这种整合可以依赖于替代运营模式：共享基础设施让客运和货运车辆共享同一个铁路网络，而共享车辆同时运输货物和乘客。

为了探索不同运营模式下综合规划的效果，我们引入了一个优化列车时刻表和分配货物的线性混合整数程序。它具有字典序目标函数，可优先考虑客运，同时最大限度地减少货物交付延迟。我们在模拟研究中分析了运营模式、调度解决方案和需求设置之间的相互作用。结果表明，精心规划的列车时刻表对服务质量有显着贡献，并降低了系统对不断增长的货运需求的敏感性。此外，具有共享车辆的系统对波动的需求更加稳健，而仅具有共享基础设施的系统是允许货运车辆长时间停留的有效选择。