The conversion of tropical forests to croplands and grasslands is a major threat to global biodiversity, climate and local livelihoods and ecosystems. The enforcement of protected areas as well as the clarification and strengthening of collective and individual land property rights are key instruments to curb deforestation in the tropics. However, these instruments are territorial and can displace forest loss elsewhere. We investigate the effects of protected areas and various land tenure regimes on deforestation and possible spillover effects in Bolivia, a global tropical deforestation hotspot. We use a spatial Durbin model to assess and compare the direct and indirect effects of protected areas and different land tenure forms on forest loss in Bolivia from 2010 to 2017. We find that protected areas have a strong direct effect on reducing deforestation. Protected areas – which in Bolivia are all based on co-management schemes - also protect forests in adjacent areas, showing an indirect protective spillover effect. Indigenous lands however only have direct forest protection effects. Non-indigenous collective lands and small private lands, which are associated to Andean settlers, as well as non-titled lands, show a strong positive direct effect on deforestation. At the same time, there is some evidence that non-indigenous collective lands also encourage deforestation in adjacent areas, indicating the existence of spillovers. Interestingly, areas with high poverty rate tend to be less affected by deforestation whatever tenure form. Our study stresses the need to assess more systematically the direct and indirect effects of land tenure and of territorial governance instruments on land use changes.

热带森林转变为农田和草原是对全球生物多样性、气候和当地生计和生态系统的主要威胁。保护区的执法以及对集体和个人土地产权的澄清和加强是遏制热带地区森林砍伐的关键手段。然而，这些工具是地域性的，可以替代其他地方的森林损失。我们调查了保护区和各种土地权属制度对全球热带森林砍伐热点玻利维亚的森林砍伐和可能的溢出效应的影响。我们使用空间杜宾模型来评估和比较 2010 年至 2017 年保护区和不同土地权属形式对玻利维亚森林损失的直接和间接影响。我们发现保护区对减少森林砍伐有很强的直接影响。保护区——在玻利维亚都是基于共同管理计划——也保护邻近地区的森林，显示出间接的保护溢出效应。然而，土著土地仅具有直接的森林保护作用。与安第斯定居者有关的非土著集体土地和小型私人土地以及无产权土地对森林砍伐具有强烈的积极直接影响。同时，有证据表明，非土著集体土地也助长了邻近地区的森林砍伐，表明存在溢出效应。有趣的是，无论以何种保有权形式，贫困率高的地区往往受森林砍伐的影响较小。