Background Early epidemiological studies have associated low birthweight with increased cardiovascular risk. We aimed to examine whether the fat and fat-free components of birthweight have differing relationships with childhood cardiovascular risk markers. Methods In the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) cohort, air displacement plethysmography was conducted within 24 h after delivery in 290 naturally conceived singletons. We investigated associations of newborn cohort-specific standardized z-score of fat mass, fat-free mass, body fat percentage and birthweight on child (at 6 years of age) carotid intima-media thickness, pulse wave velocity, blood pressure, prehypertension/hypertension (>110/70 mmHg) and standardized systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) trajectories (at 3–6 years of age), taking account of maternal education, height, tobacco exposure, parity, ethnicity, child’s sex, gestational age, age at follow-up, and other maternal factors. Results Clear inverse associations were seen for blood pressure with z-score of fat mass [SBP, β (95% CI): −1.31 mmHg (−2.57, −0.06); DBP: −0.79 mmHg (−1.74, 0.15)] and body fat percentage [SBP: −1.46 mmHg (−2.73, −0.19); DBP: −0.80 mmHg (−1.75, 0.16)], but not with fat-free mass [SBP: 0.27 mmHg (−1.29, 1.83)]; DBP: −0.14 mmHg (−1.30, 1.03)]. Being in the lowest tertile of fat mass or body fat percentage was associated with higher blood pressure trajectories and prehypertension/hypertension risk [OR (95% CI), fat mass: 4.23 (1.41, 12.68); body fat percentage: 3.22 (1.09, 9.53)] without concomitantly higher overweight/obesity risk. Conclusions At birth, low adiposity was associated with increased childhood blood pressure. Low newborn adiposity might serve as a marker of poor fetal growth or suboptimal intrauterine conditions associated with hypertension risk later in life.

中文翻译：

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新生儿身体成分和儿童心血管风险标志物：一项前瞻性多种族亚洲队列研究

背景 早期流行病学研究表明，低出生体重与心血管风险增加有关。我们的目的是检查出生体重的脂肪和脱脂成分是否与儿童心血管风险标志物有不同的关系。方法 在新加坡走向健康的成长 (GUSTO) 队列中，对 290 名自然受孕的单身人士在分娩后 24 小时内进行了空气置换体积描记术。我们调查了新生儿队列特异性标准化 z 评分（脂肪量、无脂肪量、体脂百分比和出生体重）与儿童（6 岁）颈动脉内膜中层厚度、脉搏波速度、血压、高血压前期/高血压（>110/70 mmHg）和标准化收缩压和舒张压（SBP 和 DBP）轨迹（3-6 岁），考虑到产妇教育、身高、烟草暴露、胎次、种族、孩子的性别、胎龄、随访年龄和其他产妇因素。结果 血压与脂肪量的 z 评分存在明显的负相关 [SBP, β (95% CI)：-1.31 mmHg (-2.57, -0.06)；DBP：-0.79 mmHg（-1.74，0.15）]和体脂百分比[SBP：-1.46 mmHg（-2.73，-0.19）；DBP：-0.80 mmHg (-1.75, 0.16)]，但不含脂肪 [SBP: 0.27 mmHg (-1.29, 1.83)]；DBP：-0.14 mmHg (-1.30, 1.03)]。脂肪量或体脂百分比处于最低三分位数与较高的血压轨迹和高血压前期/高血压风险相关 [OR (95% CI)，脂肪量：4.23 (1.41, 12.68)；体脂百分比：3.22 (1.09, 9.53)] 没有伴随较高的超重/肥胖风险。结论 在出生时，低肥胖与儿童期血压升高有关。低新生儿肥胖可能是胎儿生长不良或与生命后期高血压风险相关的宫内条件不理想的标志。