Soil stabilization using paper sludge ash-based stabilizers (PSASs) has been developed as a technique for using the sustainable materials generated from industrial processes in construction projects. PSASs can be produced by insolubilizing the heavy metals in original paper sludge (PS) ash particles, i.e., the waste generated by the incineration of the PS discharged from paper mills. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the primary curing conditions and subsequent crumbling on the physical, compaction, and strength characteristics of PSAS-treated soils, using two types of PSASs with different water absorption and retention performances. For comparison, the same investigation was conducted on soils treated with blast furnace cement type B (BFCB). The experimental results revealed that, after crumbling, the PSAS-treated samples produced sand and gravel-like granules, regardless of the sealed or air primary curing conditions. In addition, the lower the water content at crumbling, the smaller the particle size. This was also true for the BFCB-treated samples. Consequently, the compaction test results demonstrated that, for one of the two types of PSASs, the dry densities of the PSAS-treated samples with sealed primary curing were almost the same as those without primary curing. The same trend was observed for the BFCB-treated samples. However, for the other type of PSAS, the dry densities of the PSAS-treated samples with sealed primary curing were lower than those without primary curing. This could be due to the difference in the degrees of disturbance caused by crumbling, depending on the type of PSAS. The rapid formation of hydrates in one type of PSAS may have significantly disturbed the treated samples owing to crumbling, resulting in a decrease in dry density. Finally, after secondary curing in a soaked environment, cone index tests were conducted on the PSAS- and BFCB-treated samples. The results indicated that the cone indices of the PSAS-treated samples with primary curing were higher or lower than those of the samples without primary curing, depending on the primary curing environment, number of curing days, and type of PSAS. The different trends, depending on the conditions, were considered to be caused by the combined effects of the “strength reduction owing to crumbling,” and “strength increase owing to water content reduction at compaction.” These mechanisms suggest that, for PSAS-treated soils with early strength development, the strength reduction caused by crumbling must be considered. However, for PSAS-treated soils with slow strength development, adjusting the water content of the treated soils through primary curing before compaction is an effective approach. Moreover, it is suggested that the curing conditions used for the laboratory mixtures be designed and set to reflect the field conditions and to minimize any discrepancies between the field and laboratory observations for the PSAS treatment.

使用造纸污泥灰基稳定剂 (PSAS) 稳定土壤已被开发为一种在建筑项目中使用工业过程产生的可持续材料的技术。PSAS 可以通过不溶解原始造纸污泥（PS）灰粒中的重金属来生产，即焚烧从造纸厂排放的 PS 产生的废物。本研究的目的是使用两种具有不同吸水性和保水性的 PSAS，研究初级固化条件和随后的破碎对 PSAS 处理土壤的物理、压实和强度特性的影响。为了比较，对用 B 型高炉水泥 (BFCB) 处理的土壤进行了相同的调查。实验结果表明，在破碎后，无论密封或空气初级固化条件如何，经过 PSAS 处理的样品都会产生类似沙子和砾石的颗粒。此外，破碎时的含水量越低，粒度越小。对于 BFCB 处理的样品也是如此。因此，压实试验结果表明，对于两种 PSAS 中的一种，经过 PSAS 处理的密封一次固化样品的干密度与未进行一次固化的样品几乎相同。对于 BFCB 处理的样品，观察到相同的趋势。然而，对于其他类型的 PSAS，经过 PSAS 处理的密封初级固化样品的干密度低于未进行初级固化的样品。这可能是由于破碎引起的干扰程度不同，具体取决于 PSAS 的类型。一种 PSAS 中水合物的快速形成可能会由于破碎而显着扰乱处理过的样品，从而导致干密度降低。最后，在浸泡环境中二次固化后，对 PSAS 和 BFCB 处理的样品进行锥指数测试。结果表明，经过 PSAS 处理的初步固化样品的锥指数高于或低于未初步固化的样品，这取决于初步固化环境、固化天数和 PSAS 类型。根据条件的不同，这种不同的趋势被认为是由“由于破碎导致强度降低”和“由于压实时含水量降低导致强度增加”的综合影响引起的。这些机制表明，对于 PSAS 处理的具有早期强度发展的土壤，必须考虑由破碎引起的强度降低。然而，对于强度发展缓慢的 PSAS 处理土壤，在压实前通过初步养护调整处理土壤的含水量是一种有效的方法。此外，建议设计和设置用于实验室混合物的固化条件，以反映现场条件，并尽量减少 PSAS 处理的现场和实验室观察结果之间的任何差异。