Abstract

Nanocrystals have contributed to exciting improvements in the delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs. The biological and intracellular fates of nanocrystals are currently under debate. Due to the remarkable commercial success in enhancing oral bioavailability, nanocrystals have originally been regarded as a simple formulation approach to enhance dissolution. However, the latest findings from novel bioimaging tools lead to an expanded view. Intact nanocrystals may offer long-term durability in the body and offer drug delivery capabilities like those of other nano-carriers. This review renews the understanding of the biological fates of nanocrystals administered via oral, intravenous, and parenteral (e.g., dermal, ocular, and pulmonary) routes. The intracellular pathways and dissolution kinetics of nanocrystals are explored. Additionally, the future trends for in vitro and in vivo quantification of nanocrystals, as well as factors impacting the biological and intracellular fates of nanocrystals are discussed. In conclusion, nanocrystals present a promising and underexplored therapeutic opportunity with immense potential.

中文翻译：

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药物纳米晶体通过不同递送途径的生物学和细胞内命运：生物成像和 PK 建模的最新发展

摘要

纳米晶体有助于改善水溶性差的药物的输送。纳米晶体的生物学和细胞内命运目前正在争论中。由于在提高口服生物利用度方面取得了显着的商业成功，纳米晶体最初被认为是一种提高溶解度的简单制剂方法。然而，新型生物成像工具的最新发现拓宽了视野。完整的纳米晶体可以在体内提供长期耐用性，并提供与其他纳米载体一样的药物输送能力。这篇综述更新了对通过口服、静脉内和肠胃外给药的纳米晶体的生物学命运的理解（例如，皮肤、眼部和肺部）途径。探索了纳米晶体的细胞内途径和溶解动力学。此外，还讨论了纳米晶体体外和体内量化的未来趋势，以及影响纳米晶体生物学和细胞内命运的因素。总之，纳米晶体提供了一个有前途且尚未开发的治疗机会，具有巨大的潜力。