The Magdalena River in Colombia is one of the world's largest (discharge = 7100 m³ s⁻¹) tropical rivers, hosting > 170 aquatic vertebrate species. However, concise synthesis of the current ecological and environmental status is lacking. By documenting the anthropogenic stressors impacting the river on time scales ranging from centuries to decades, we found that the river system is subject to the compounding impacts of climate change, river impoundment, invasive alien species (IAS), catchment deforestation, and water pollution. We show that the Magdalena is a woefully understudied ecosystem relative to its critical importance to Colombia's economy, culture, and biodiversity compared with other similarly sized tropical rivers. We emphasize the need for research on (1) IAS population and ecological dynamics, (2) river damming and its links with IAS and climate change, and (3) land-use changes as well as identifying sources of water pollution and strategies for mitigation.

中文翻译：

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哥伦比亚马格达莱纳河流域最近退化的原因和后果

哥伦比亚的马格达莱纳河是世界上最大的河流之一（流量 = 7100 m ³  s ⁻¹) 热带河流，栖息着 > 170 种水生脊椎动物。然而，缺乏对当前生态和环境状况的简明综合。通过记录从几个世纪到几十年的时间尺度上影响河流的人为压力源，我们发现河流系统受到气候变化、河流蓄水、外来入侵物种 (IAS)、集水区森林砍伐和水污染的复合影响。我们表明，与其他类似大小的热带河流相比，马格达莱纳河相对于其对哥伦比亚经济、文化和生物多样性的至关重要性而言，是一个研究严重不足的生态系统。我们强调需要研究 (1) IAS 种群和生态动力学，(2) 河流筑坝及其与 IAS 和气候变化的联系，