Abstract

There is currently a dearth of information on the determination, occurrence and ecotoxicological risk of antibiotics in dumpsite leachates and hospital wastewater in Africa. A quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) protocol which combines extraction and clean-up in one step was optimized for the determination of antibiotics sulfadoxine, sulfamethazine and trimethoprim in dumpsite leachates and hospital wastewater. The occurrence and ecotoxicological risk of target antibiotics were investigated in wastewater from two hospitals, effluent receiving water and leachates from three dumpsites in Ibadan, Nigeria. Recoveries in hospital wastewater ranged from 53 to 116% while recoveries ranged from 50 to 89% in leachates. Method limits of quantification ranged from 0.7 to 12.1 µg L⁻¹ in hospital wastewater and from 6.2 to 38.8 µg L⁻¹ in leachates. Intra-day precisions (% RSD) were ≤ 21%. High concentrations of target antibiotics were measured: up to 475 µg L⁻¹ for sulfamethazine in leachates, 118 µg L⁻¹ for trimethoprim in hospital wastewater and 117 µg L⁻¹ for sulfadoxine in effluent receiving water. Sulfadoxine presented high risk to algae, daphnid and fish in hospital wastewater, effluent receiving water and leachates. This work highlights the need for adequate and sound management of wastes containing pharmaceuticals in Nigeria.

摘要

目前缺乏关于非洲垃圾场渗滤液和医院废水中抗生素的测定、发生和生态毒理学风险的信息。针对垃圾场渗滤液和医院废水中抗生素磺胺多辛、磺胺二甲嘧啶和甲氧苄啶的测定，优化了一种快速、简单、廉价、有效、坚固且安全的 (QuEChERS) 方案，该方案将萃取和净化结合在一个步骤中。在尼日利亚伊巴丹的两家医院的废水、接收水的废水和来自三个垃圾场的渗滤液中，对目标抗生素的发生和生态毒理学风险进行了调查。医院废水的回收率从 53% 到 116% 不等，而渗滤液的回收率从 50% 到 89% 不等。定量方法限为 0.7 至 12.1 µg L ^-1在医院废水和渗滤液中的含量为 6.2 至 38.8 µg L ^-1。日内精度 (% RSD) ≤ 21%。测量了高浓度的目标抗生素：在渗滤液中磺胺二甲嘧啶高达 475 µg L ^-1 ，在医院废水中甲氧苄啶为118 µg L ^{-1 ，在出水接收水中磺胺多辛高达 117 µg L -1}。磺胺多辛对医院废水、接收水和渗滤液中的藻类、水蚤和鱼类具有很高的风险。这项工作强调了尼日利亚需要对含有药物的废物进行充分和健全的管理。