Most automated systems are equipped with shared control systems with two intelligent decision-makers: humans and automated machines. The contradictory observations, states, goals, and actions may result in a conflict between these two decision-makers. The definitions, cause(s), and path(s) of such a conflict from a process safety perspective have not been explored and assessed. This work introduces an evolutionary framework that shows how a conflict can lead to an accident. A methodology and associated models to assess and manage conflict risk are also presented. The methodology and models are explained using a two-phase separator. The results suggest that there are conflicts associated with faults that may lead to failure. A sensor fault can trigger observation conflict, which may lead to action conflict. The study concludes that human-automated system conflict in automation and digitalization should be emphasized. Human-centered design is vital to avoid catastrophic accidents due to conflicts in human-automated systems.

大多数自动化系统都配备了具有两个智能决策者的共享控制系统：人类和自动化机器。矛盾的观察、状态、目标和行动可能导致这两个决策者之间的冲突。从过程安全的角度来看，这种冲突的定义、原因和路径尚未被探索和评估。这项工作引入了一个进化框架，展示了冲突如何导致事故。还介绍了评估和管理冲突风险的方法和相关模型。使用两相分离器解释方法和模型。结果表明，存在与可能导致故障的故障相关的冲突。传感器故障会触发观察冲突，从而可能导致动作冲突。该研究得出结论，应强调自动化和数字化中的人机自动化系统冲突。以人为本的设计对于避免因人机自动化系统冲突而导致的灾难性事故至关重要。