The evolution of the degradation paths of the cells in battery packs is shaped by both intrinsic cell-to-cell variations, also known as cell spreading, and spatial–temporal cell-to-cell differences in temperature and other stress factors. To account for these variations and differences in degradation, we propose a statistical approach for modelling the degradation of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) that utilizes a three-parameter non-homogeneous gamma process, allowing for the prediction of the capacity fade or time-to-failure for any LIB architecture. This degradation modelling approach has been integrated into a cost model to investigate the sensitivity of the battery lifetime's economic outcome, aiming to maximize the added value of stationary battery storage composed of degraded electric vehicle batteries. Thus, the impact of cell spreading was quantified for three simulation scenarios on second-life applications: (i) performing a simplified cost analysis to evaluate the business case for second-life, (ii) performing an economic analysis to visualize the impact of spreading, and (iii) evaluating an existing power flow control strategy between LIB modules. The information derived from the spreading-cost integration approach is valuable to support the technical and economic analyses in the decision-making process of designing, installing, and running efficiently second-life applications.

中文翻译：

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电芯铺展对锂离子电池二次寿命的影响

电池组中电池退化路径的演变受电池与电池固有差异（也称为电池扩散）以及电池与电池在温度和其他应力因素方面的时空差异影响。为了解释这些变化和退化差异，我们提出了一种统计方法来模拟锂离子电池 (LIB) 的退化，该方法利用三参数非均匀伽马过程，允许预测容量衰减或时间-任何 LIB 架构的失败。这种退化建模方法已集成到成本模型中，以研究电池寿命经济结果的敏感性，旨在最大限度地提高由退化电动汽车电池组成的固定电池存储的附加值。因此，针对二次生命应用的三种模拟场景量化了细胞扩散的影响：(i) 执行简化的成本分析以评估二次生命的业务案例，(ii) 执行经济分析以可视化传播的影响，以及(iii) 评估 LIB 模块之间现有的功率流控制策略。从分散成本集成方法中获得的信息对于支持设计、安装和运行高效二次生命应用程序的决策过程中的技术和经济分析很有价值。(iii) 评估 LIB 模块之间现有的功率流控制策略。从分散成本集成方法中获得的信息对于支持设计、安装和运行高效二次生命应用程序的决策过程中的技术和经济分析很有价值。(iii) 评估 LIB 模块之间现有的功率流控制策略。从分散成本集成方法中获得的信息对于支持设计、安装和运行高效二次生命应用程序的决策过程中的技术和经济分析很有价值。