Wearable devices provide an alternative pathway to clinical diagnostics by exploiting various physical, chemical and biological sensors to mine physiological (biophysical and/or biochemical) information in real time (preferably, continuously) and in a non-invasive or minimally invasive manner. These sensors can be worn in the form of glasses, jewellery, face masks, wristwatches, fitness bands, tattoo-like devices, bandages or other patches, and textiles. Wearables such as smartwatches have already proved their capability for the early detection and monitoring of the progression and treatment of various diseases, such as COVID-19 and Parkinson disease, through biophysical signals. Next-generation wearable sensors that enable the multimodal and/or multiplexed measurement of physical parameters and biochemical markers in real time and continuously could be a transformative technology for diagnostics, allowing for high-resolution and time-resolved historical recording of the health status of an individual. In this Review, we examine the building blocks of such wearable sensors, including the substrate materials, sensing mechanisms, power modules and decision-making units, by reflecting on the recent developments in the materials, engineering and data science of these components. Finally, we synthesize current trends in the field to provide predictions for the future trajectory of wearable sensors.

可穿戴设备通过利用各种物理、化学和生物传感器以无创或微创方式实时（优选地连续）挖掘生理（生物物理和/或生化）信息，为临床诊断提供了替代途径。这些传感器可以以眼镜、珠宝、面罩、手表、健身带、纹身类设备、绷带或其他贴片以及纺织品的形式佩戴。智能手表等可穿戴设备已经证明了其通过生物物理信号早期检测和监测各种疾病（例如 COVID-19 和帕金森病）的进展和治疗的能力。下一代可穿戴传感器能够实时、连续地对物理参数和生化标记物进行多模式和/或多路测量，这可能是一种变革性的诊断技术，可以对人体健康状况进行高分辨率和时间分辨的历史记录。个人。在这篇综述中，我们通过反思这些组件的材料、工程和数据科学的最新发展，研究了此类可穿戴传感器的构建模块，包括基板材料、传感机制、电源模块和决策单元。最后，我们综合该领域的当前趋势，为可穿戴传感器的未来轨迹提供预测。