Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation plays an important role in ischemic stroke (IS). In this work, a series of novel indole and indazole-piperazine pyrimidine derivatives with anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective activities were designed and synthesized for treatment of IS. Among these compounds, 5j displayed the most attractive cytoprotective effect against oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced damage in BV2 cells. Meanwhile, it significantly ameliorated the release of inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV2 cells. Moreover, 5j can decrease the release of TNF-α and IL-1β form LPS-induced mouse brain neuroinflammation model. As a potent inhibitor against both cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2, IC₅₀ = 92.54 nM) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX, IC₅₀ = 41.86 nM), 5j inhibited the M1 phenotype polarization of microglia and promoted the M2 phenotype polarization of microglia. Additionally, 5j exhibited remarkable neuroprotection in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats by reducing their infarct volumes and neurological deficit scores. In conclusion, 5j has the potential for the treatment of stroke as an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective agent.

小胶质细胞介导的神经炎症在缺血性中风 (IS) 中起重要作用。在这项工作中，设计并合成了一系列具有抗神经炎症和神经保护活性的新型吲哚和吲唑-哌嗪嘧啶衍生物，用于治疗 IS。在这些化合物中，5j对 BV2 细胞中的氧 - 葡萄糖剥夺/复氧 (OGD/R) 诱导的损伤表现出最有吸引力的细胞保护作用。同时，它显着改善了炎症介质的释放，包括肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）、IL-6、一氧化氮（NO）和前列腺素E2（PGE2）从脂多糖中的释放。 (LPS) 诱导的 BV2 细胞。此外，5j可减少 TNF-α 和 IL-1β 的释放，形成 LPS 诱导的小鼠脑神经炎症模型。作为 cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2, IC ₅₀  = 92.54 nM) 和 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX, IC ₅₀ = 41.86 nM) 的有效抑制剂 ，5j抑制小胶质细胞的 M1 表型极化并促进 M2 表型极化的小胶质细胞。此外，5j通过减少梗塞体积和神经功能缺损评分，在大脑中动脉闭塞 (MCAO) 大鼠中表现出显着的神经保护作用。总之，5j具有作为抗炎和神经保护剂治疗中风的潜力。